Are animals more closely related to plants or fungi?
Fungi
Characteristic traits of animals + which are the synapomorphies?
- multicellular
- heterotrophs (ingest their food)
- move under their own power at some point in their life
- no cell walls
- muscle tissue that contracts*
- nervous tissue*
- NO alternation of generations
- adults diploid; only gametes haploid
Diploblasts + name of name of 2 embryonic germ layers
Animals who’s embryos have 2 different layers of embryonic tissue
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
Triploblasts + names of the 3 embryonic tissue layers
Animals who’s embryos have 3 different types of tissues:
- Ectoderm—coveting of animal and nervous system
- Mesoderm—Circulatory system, muscle, bone, most organs
- Endoderm—Lining of the digestive tract and the organs associated with it
Example of asymmetry
Sponges
Radial Symmetry + example
- At messy 2 planes of symmetry
- Have a nerve net
- Ex—Cnidarians
Bilateral symmetry + example
- 1 plane of symmetry
- Cephalozation
- Ex—Humans
Do diploblasts have a coelom
No
Acoelemate + example
- Lacks a coelom
- Ex—planarians
Blastocoelemate + examples
- Body cavity located between 2 embryonic tissue layers
- Ex—Roundworm
Coelomate + examples
- Body cavity located within the mesoderm
- Have ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
- Ex—Fish
Hydrostatic skeleton: what is it and how is it important to movement?
- It just refers to having a fluid-filled body cavity, which allows the animal to maintain a shape, rather than it being a skeleton
- Allows limbless animals to move
Tube within a tube + examples
- 99% of animal species
- Outer tube forms the body wall, and the inner tube forms a gut
- Ex—Earthworm
Protostomes vs. deuterostomes
- Protostomes—MOUTH develops at or near the blastospore, and the anus at the opposite end.
- Deuterostomes—ANUS develops at or near be blastospore, and the mouth at the opposite end. Fewer phyla are part of this group.
What is the sister taxon to the animal kingdom?
Choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates
- Aka collar cells
- Single flagellum
- Single-celled creatures
- Live on the ocean floor
- When they move their flagellum, they capture food in their collar and absorb particles
What is the name of the sponge cell that choanoflagellates resemble?
Choanocytes/sponge feeding cell
What are the 4 most basal (earliest) branch of the animal phylogeny in order from oldest to newest?
- Porifera (sponges)
- Cnidaria (jellyfish and others)
- Ctenophora (comb jellies)
- Acoelomorpha (acoelomorphs)
Types of sponge feeding
—
What are sponge spicules?
- Structural support and defense
- Provide a rigid skeleton for the sponge body
