Unit #2 Study Guide

Question 1

Root Words

Exo

Answer 1

Outside, outward

Question 2

Root Words

Endo

Answer 2

Inside, within

Question 3

Root Words

Hypo

Answer 3

Below, less

Question 4

Root Words

Hyper

Answer 4

Above, more

Question 5

Root Words

Iso

Answer 5

Equal

Question 6

Root Words

Plasm

Answer 6

Formed substance, fluid

Question 7

Root Words

A(an)

Answer 7

Withount, lacking

Question 8

Root Words

Phago

Answer 8

To eat

Question 9

Root Words

Pino

Answer 9

To drink

Question 10

Root Words

Cyte/Cyto

Answer 10

Cell

Question 11

Root Words

Vesc

Answer 11

Blister, vesticle

Question 12

Root Words

Reticul

Answer 12

Network

Question 13

Root Words

Glyc

Answer 13

Sugar

Question 14

Root Words

Lys

Answer 14

Break down, destroy, cut

Question 15

Cell Structure & Transport

What is the structure of a cell membrane?

Answer 15

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded protiens and carbohydrates; selectively permeable barrier controlling movement in/out of the cell.

Question 16

Cell Structure & Transport

What are the main components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 16

Phospholipids, protiens, and carbohydrates.

Question 17

Cell Structure & Transport

What are the function of membrane protiens?

Answer 17

Transport
Communication
Recognition
Enzymatic activity
Signal reception
Structural support.

Question 18

Cell Structure & Transport

What affects selective permeability?

Answer 18

Size
Polarity
Charge
Lipid solubility of molecules.

Question 19

Cell Structure & Transport

What is diffusion?

Answer 19

Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Question 20

Cell Structure & Transport

What is faciliated diffusion?

Answer 20

Passive transport of molecules via carrier or channel protiens

Question 21

Cell Structure & Transport

What is active tranport?

Answer 21

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

Question 22

Cell Structure & Transport

What is osmosis?

Answer 22

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 23

Cell Structure & Transport

What are aquaporins?

Answer 23

Channel protiens that facilitate rapid water transport.

Question 24

Cell Structure & Transport

Define endocytosis and exocytosis.

Answer 24

Endcytosis: cell takes in material via vesticles (phagocytosis = solids; pinocytosis = liquids)

Exocytosis: cell expels materials via vesicles.

Question 25

# Cell Structure & Transport What happens to cells in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution?

Answer 25

Hypotonic: cell swells (water enters) Hypertonic: cell shrinks (water leaves) Isotonic: no net water movement

Question 26

# Cell Anatomy & Function What are the three cmponents of cell theory?

Answer 26

All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 27

# Cell Anatomy & Function Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 27

Prokaryotic: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (bacteria, archaea) Eukaryotic: have a nucleus and organelles (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Question 28

# Cell Anatomy & Function What organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 28

Nuclear envelope ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vesicles Plasma membrane.

Question 29

# Cell Anatomy & Function Function of lysosomoes?

Answer 29

Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste, old organelles, and pathogens.

Question 30

# Cell Anatomy & Function What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 30

Network of protien fibers that support shape, movement, and transport inside the cell.

Question 31

# Cell Anatomy & Function Function of mitochondria?

Answer 31

Site of ATP production via cellular repsiration.

Question 32

# Cell Anatomy & Function Why are cells microscopic?

Answer 32

Surface area-to-voluume ratio limits size-smaller cells can transport materials more efficiently.

Question 33

# Cellular Energetics Purpose of cellular repiration?

Answer 33

Convert glucose into ATP energy.

Question 34

# Cellular Energetics Energy source for cellular repiration?

Answer 34

Glucose

Question 35

# Cellular Energetics Difference between oxidation and reduction?

Answer 35

Oxidation = loss of electons; Reduction = gain of electrons.

Question 36

# Cellular Energetics Four metabolic stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 36

Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Kerbs Cycle Electron Transport Chain.

Question 37

# Cellular Energetics Which step produce the most ATP?

Answer 37

Electron Transport Chain.

Question 38

# Cellular Energetics Glycolysis-reactants/products/purpose?

Answer 38

Reactants: glucose -> Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH. Purpose: start glucose breakdown.

Question 39

# Cellular Energetics Purpose of anaerobic fermentation?

Answer 39

Regenerate NAD + when oxygen is absent to keep glycolysis going.

Question 40

# Cellular Energetics Two types of anaerobic repiration?

Answer 40

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Question 41

# Cellular Energetics What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 41

Generate NADH, FADH2, and ATP by oxidizing acetyl-CoA.

Question 42

# Cellular Energetics NADH and FADH2 are called what?

Answer 42

Electron carriers; they deliver electrons to the ETC for ATP production.

Question 43

# Cellular Energetics Purpose of ETC?

Answer 43

Use high-energy electrons to pump H+ and produce ATP; oxygen is final electron acceptor.

Question 44

# Cellular Energetics Where does glucose, O₂, CO₂, H₂O, and ATP come from in respiration?

Answer 44

Glucose: food we eat O₂: air we breathe CO₂: waste from Krebs cycle H₂O: product from ETC ATP: produced in mitochondria

Question 45

# Cellular Energetics Why do we breathe?

Answer 45

To take in oxygen for ETC and exhale CO₂ produced in respiration.

Question 46

# Cellular Energetics Why is cyanide fatal?

Answer 46

It blocks the last protein in the ETC, stopping ATP production.

Question 47

# Lab Questions What is a solution, solute, solvent?

Answer 47

Solution = mixture Solute = dissolved substance Solvent = dissolving medium.

Question 48

# Lab Questions Relationship between surface area and volume?

Answer 48

As cells grow, volume increases faster than surface area → limits size.

Question 49

# Lab Questions Why can’t cells be large?

Answer 49

Limited surface area-to-volume ratio reduces efficiency in nutrient/waste exchange.

Question 50

# Lab Questions Define pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.

Answer 50

Pulmonary ventilation: breathing External respiration: gas exchange between lungs & blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood & cells Cellular respiration: ATP production in cells

Question 51

# Lab Questions Most important stimulus for breathing reflex?

Answer 51

High levels of CO₂ in the blood.

Question 52

# Lab Questions Why can people hold breath longer after hyperventilating?

Answer 52

Hyperventilation lowers CO₂ levels, delaying the urge to breathe.

Question 53

# Lab Questions Why do you produce more CO₂ during exercise?

Answer 53

Increased cellular respiration from higher energy demand.