Goals of nutrition
1.Maintain optimal health
2. Promote a normal growth rate
3. Support gestation and lactation
4. Support high-quality performance, and contribute to long-term health, vitality, and longevity.
3 types of determination of metabolizable energy
- Direct determination: diet fed to animals, feces, and urine collected
- Digestibility trials: diet fed to animals, feces collected (DE values), and correction factor for urinary energy losses
- Calculation methods
Daily food intake is calculated based on the…
The energy requirement of the animal
What does water do? Where do animals get water from?
It is needed for all metabolic reactions, transports nutrients, regulates body temperature, and eliminates waste products.
Sources: diet, metabolic water, drinking diet
What is the water requirement?
1 mL/kcal of ME consumed
As fed basis vs dry matter basis
As fed basis: nutrient concentration values with water (diluted), lower value
dry matter basis: nutrient concentration values without water (concentrated), higher values
Carbohydrates
Major energy compounds in plants that are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Functions of Carbohydrate
- Processing: provides structure; kibble is usually high in starch (~40%)
- Energy: starch: Efficient source of energy and is highly digestible (cooked) as well as economical
- Functional properties: fiber: gut health and fecal quality
There is no _____ requirement
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate Ingredients
- Cereal grains: corn, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, wheat
- Grain-free sources: legumes, tubers
How much fiber in the diet is in carbohydrate ingredients? What are sources of fiber?
- 3-7%
- Beet pulp, cellulose, various hulls/brans, wheat middlings
All proteins contain ____
~16% nitrogen
What does dietary protein provide?
Provides essential amino acids, flavor, and energy (ME = 3.5 kcal/g)
What are some protein ingredients?
corn gluten meal, soybean meal, pea protein, chicken, chicken meal/by-product meal, meat and bone meal, salmon, fish meal
Differences between high-quality and low-quality protein
HQ: highly digestible, contains all essential amino acids with the essential amino acids in proper proportions to the animal’s needs
LQ: low digestibility, limiting in one or more of the essential amino acids
Two types of fats
Saturated: No double bonds, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: Liquid at room temp - Monosaturated = 1 double bond or polyunsaturated (PUFA) = 2 or more double bonds
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov - creating an association between a natural response (salivation) and neutral stimulus (bell)
- Clicker training (voice/word, clicker, whistle, etc…)
Operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner - Defines behavior as a function of subsequent consequences (positive and negative reinforcement).
- Dog gets a treat for sitting (reinforced for behavior)
What was the history of dog training, starting in 1910
1910 – Konrad Most published Training Dogs – A Manual. Military dog trainer used primarily aversive methods (punishment). This evolved into “dominance theory”
What are the three types of trainer’s todays
balanced dog trainers, purely positive trainers, dominance trainers
What’s the difference between the positive vs negative reinforcement
Both increase a behavior
Positive: praise, foods, toys
Negative: Stimulus the subject does NOT want - Increase in behavior makes the stimulus go away (hate the cold - put coat on)
What’s the difference between the positive vs negative punishment
Both decrease a behavior
Positive: Reduces a behavior by applying something aversive to the subject
Negative: Taking away something the subject wants in order to reduce a behavior
6 rules to training
- Keep training sessions short
- Match your reward to your animal
- Remember they do not generalize
- Do not compare
- Manage arousal level to skill you are teaching
- 3 strikes your out
Difference between luring and shaping
Shaping is using gradual steps to get to the behavior. Luring is directing the animal to the behavior
