Unit 3 - AOS 1 - Practice

Question 1

3 stages of learning

Answer 1

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 2

Cognitive stage of learning

Answer 2

• beginner
• attention is on movement production and understanding the skill —> inconsistent performance
• haven’t developed error detection and correction capabilities
• rapid improvement
• blocked practice ( simple instructions )

Question 3

Associative stage of learning

Answer 3

• beginner is starting to refine technique
• more consistent and less errors
• gradual and slower improvement
• can develop strategies to eliminate errors ( after detection )
• practice in a slightly more open environment and more massed nature

Question 4

Autonomous stage of learning

Answer 4

• skills become automatic and performed without conscious thinking
• external focus ( attention elsewhere )
• developed anticipation
• Can detect own errors and correct them ( intrinsic)
• extremely low errors in performance
• practice in open and random environments

Question 5

Define diminishing returns

Answer 5

Early improvement is rapid and as the athlete progresses the rate of improvement decreases

Question 6

What do coaches need to consider when choosing practice type ?

Answer 6

• Maximise meaningful skill practice with the time available
• interest levels ( sense of when to move on to next skill )
• diminishing returns
• stage of learning
• time available (e.g professional - distributed and community - massed)

Question 7

Practice types in terms of distribution

Answer 7

Distributed practice and massed practice

Question 8

Distributed practice

Answer 8

Session within a week
Shorter more frequent sessions
- more suitable for professional athletes ( more time for sessions)

Within the training session
- suits continuous movements due to it being jntervalled practice
- less fatigue due to rest periods
- greater learner engagement

Question 9

Massed practice

Answer 9

session within a week
Longer and less frequent sessions
- community and non professionals ( less time available for more frequent sessions )

within a training session
- more suited to descents movements
- repetitive movements can make it boring
- repetitive and less recovery time makes it mentally and physically fatiguing

Question 10

Practice types in terms of practice variability

Answer 10

Blocked and random

Question 11

Blocked practice

Answer 11

• same skill is practiced continuous without changing to a different task
• appropriate for cognitive ( still being practiced in a closed environment to focus on replicating movement )
• 50 basketball free throws

Question 12

Random practice

Answer 12

• varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session
• most beneficial to associative and autonomous stage
• drill with multiple skills being performed ( game play)

Question 13

Data in terms of practice variability

Answer 13

• blocked practice has higher performance during training period
• random practice e was seen to however have better learning and retention

Question 14

Transfer practice

Answer 14

• practice that closely remesmbles the game
• results in the transfer of skills in training to in a game environment
• can be repetitive and get boring

Question 15

Things feedback provides

Answer 15

• Motivation
• highlights skill errors
• provides positive reinforcement

Question 16

Intrinsic feedback

Answer 16

Information that the performer receives directly from their sensory systems ( correct self )

• is visual, proprioceptive(feels with coordination), cutaneous ( skin, pain and pressure)
• higher frequency in autonomous stage

Question 17

Augmented feedback

Answer 17

Information about the skill performance that comes from an external source ( person, HR monitor)

• higher frequency in cognitive stage

Question 18

Knowledge of performance feedback

Answer 18

Feedback on how well the skill is performed
- autonomous stage
- e.g verbal feedback from coach on quality of movement

• provides immediate feedback to correct errors and provide strategies

Question 19

Knowledge of results feedback

Answer 19

Information relating to the outcome of the skill
- cognitive stage ( they might not know what is successful )

• usually clearly evident to the performer
• e.g carrying the ball or dribbling to draw defender, then passing

Question 20

Frequency of feedback

Answer 20

Refers to how often an external source provides feebldback
- autonomous (higher intrinsic and lower augmented )
- cognitive (higher augmented and lower intrinsic )

Question 21

Timing of feedback

Answer 21

Terminal - info and feedback given at the end of performance

Concurrent - info or feedback given during performance
E.g rowing clack speaking to their athlete as they perform

Question 22

difference between source, type, timing of feedback

Answer 22

source = intrinsic, augmented
type = knowledge of performance and knowledge of results
timing = concurrent and terminal