Unit 3 Lecture

Question 1

*Operant Selection Review

Answer 1

-Process of repeated cycles of behavioral variability & modification of Bx by the env over the course of an individual’s lifetime

Question 2

*Reinforcement Review

Answer 2

-An Env change that follows a response closely in time, is contingent on that response & increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances

Question 3

*Positive Reinfrocement Review

Answer 3

-An env change in which as Appetitive Stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, contingent on that response, that increases on that response, that increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances

Question 4

*Appetitive Stimuli Review

Answer 4

• A stimulus that:
• Functions as positive Rx when presented contingent on a responses
• Functions as neg punishment when terminated contingent on a response
• Abates bx that has terminated it in the past

Question 5

*Reinforcer Identification

2 steps

Answer 5

1. Preference assessment

2. Reinforcer assessment

Question 6

Preference Assessment (PA)

Answer 6

• Methods for identifying an individual’s preference for items and/ or activities that may function as reinforcers
• AKA stimulus preference assessment (SPA)

Question 7

Preference Assessment Purpose

Answer 7

• Identify stimuli that may function as reinforcers

* Prediction: Higher preference stimuli —> More likely to function as effective reinforcers

Question 8

Reinforcer Assessment Preview

Answer 8

*Variety of techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of stimulus as a reinforcer

Question 9

Preference Assessment History

Answer 9

“Arbitrary” to topographical select

*No way to predict reinforcer efficacy

Question 10

In a stimulus preference assessment we are trying to identify stimuli of this type:

a. Appetitive
b. Aversive
c. Positive
d. Neutral

Answer 10

a. Appetitive

In teaching new or replacement skills, behavior analysts often use positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement requires the use of stimuli described as “appetitive.” A preference assessment helps us identify these type of stimuli.

Question 11

The purpose of stimulus preference assessments is to identify:

a. Preferred stimuli
b. Reinforcers
c. Both of these

Answer 11

a. Preference stimuli

Question 12

2 Preliminary Assessment Categories

Answer 12

• Indirect preference assessment

* Direct naturalistic observation (duration-based)

Question 13

Indirect Preference Assessment

Answer 13

*Informant-based assessment that provides info about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/ or activities

Question 14

Indirect Preference Assessment methods

Answer 14

• General types:
• Interviews
• Checklists
• Rating scales
• Can be completed through:
• Self-report
• Caregiver nomination

Question 15

Indirect Preference Assessment Example

Answer 15

• Reinforcer Assessment for individuals with severe Disabilities (RAISD)
• Interview tool
• Helps generate a list of potential preferred stimuli
• Caregiver indicates like/dislikes for client
• Stimuli ranked at End

Question 16

Indirect preference assessments are __________-based assessments that provide information about an individual’s ___________ for tangible items and/or activities.

Answer 16

• Informant

- Preference

Question 17

Which of these is NOT a type of indirect preference assessment?

a. Checklists
b. Rating scales
c. Verbal self-reports
d. All of these are types

Answer 17

d. All of these are types

Question 18

Interviews and questionnaires can be conducted as:

a. Self-report
b. Caregiver nomination
c. Both

Answer 18

c. Both

Question 19

An indirect preference assessment should also identify items that the client or caregiver would prefer NOT to use in treatment.

a. True
b. False

Answer 19

a. True

Question 20

Indirect Preference Assessment Advantages

Answer 20

-Simple
-Efficient
-Narrows the field
‘May improve efficiency down the line
-Can give info about ecological fit

Question 21

Indirect Preference Assessment Limitations

Answer 21

• Subjective
• Unreliable
• Self-report requires prerequisite vocal verbal skills

Question 22

Indirect Preference Assessment Conclusions

Answer 22

• Shown to be unreliable alone but …..

- Shown be used as a First step!

Question 23

The best use of indirect preference assessments is:

a. To determine what to use as reinforcers
b. To identify a caregiver’s preferences
c. As a first step in the identification of preferred items
d. All of these are correct

Answer 23

c. As a first step in the identification of preferred items

Question 24

Premack Principle Preview

Answer 24

“States that making the opportunity to engage in a bx that occurs at a relatively high free operant (or baseline) rate contingent on the occurrence of low-fro bx will function as RX for the low-occurrence Bx”

Question 25

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 25

*Duration-based direct observation used to identity preferred stimuli in which the primary measures is the amount of time an individual engages with stimuli in their natural env

Question 26

Naturalistic Observations Steps

Answer 26

* Allow individual to have "Free Time" in the Env | * Take duration measure for interaction time with items/ activities

Question 27

Naturalistic Observation Advantages

Answer 27

* Objective * Does not require a verbal repertoire * Less likely to produce prob bx as it does not require: - The removal of stimuli - Task engagement

Question 28

Naturalistic Observation Limitations

Answer 28

- Time-consuming | - Potentially limited access to stimuli

Question 29

When it comes to time, naturalistic observation is relatively _____.

Answer 29

-Time consuming

Question 30

In addition to not evoking problem behavior, naturalistic assessments are advantageous for some individuals because they: a. Are less likely to rain a side bias b. Do not require a verbal repertoire c. Take into account individual differences d. Are subjective

Answer 30

b. Do not require a verbal repertoire

Question 31

When conducting a naturalistic observation: a. Always ensure items present are exactly as they occur naturally b. It might be relevant to "plant" stimuli that could be preferred

Answer 31

b. It might be relevant to "plant" stimuli that could be preferred

Question 32

Which measure is typically used for comparing relative preference for different stimuli and activities in a naturalistic observation? a. Percent acceptance b. Rank order c. Duration of engagement d. Latency to response

Answer 32

c. Duration of engagement

Question 33

Direct Preference Assessment

Answer 33

*Observation-based (empirical) assessment that provides info about an individual's preference for tangible items and/or activities

Question 34

Direct Preference Assessment Methods

Answer 34

* Trial-based (selection-based) - Single-stimulus - Paired-stimulus - Multiple-stimulus with replacement - Multiple-stimulus without replacement * Duration-based - Free operant - Single-item

Question 35

Trial-Based Preference Assessment

Answer 35

*Direct preference assessment in which 1 or more items is/ are presented across trials & approach, contract or engagement is measured

Question 36

Types of Trial-Based Preference Assessments

Answer 36

-Single-stimulus -Paired-stimulus -Multiple-stimulus 'With replacement "Without replacement

Question 37

Direct preference assessments are ___________ assessments that provide information about an individual’s preference for tangible items and/or activities.

Answer 37

*Observation-based or Empirical

Question 38

Select all the trial-based preference assessments: (check all that apply) a. Single-stimulus b. Free operant c. Single-item d. Paired-stimulus e. Multiple-stimulus with replacement f. Multiple-stimulus without replacement

Answer 38

a. Single-stimulus d. Paired-stimulus e. Multiple-stimulus with replacement f. Multiple-stimulus without replacement

Question 39

Another name for trial-based preference assessments is -based.

Answer 39

-Selection based

Question 40

Direct preference assessments include: a. Asking the client directly for their preferences b. Observing the client's Bx c. Directing the client to accept the preferences of peers

Answer 40

b. Observing the client's Bx

Question 41

Single-Stimulus (SS) Preference Assessment

Answer 41

* Direct preference assessment methodology in which a Single Item is presented for a period of time & approach, contact or engagement with the item is measured - AKA successive choice, single-stimulus engagement or single-item assessment

Question 42

Before the Assessment

Answer 42

- Select items for inclusions - Set up for the session - Allow pre-session sampling

Question 43

Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment Procedure

Answer 43

1. Present 1 item @ a time, random order 2. Wait for approach then allow access 'No approach: Remove item 3. Record data 4. Start next trial (typically 10 per item)

Question 44

In an SS preference assessment, items are placed in front of the individual: a. One at a time b. In pairs c. In sets of 3 or more d. In varying numbers depending on the number of items being assessed

Answer 44

a. One at a time

Question 45

What is recommended regarding pre-session sampling (access to items prior to direct assessment)? a. Do not permit sampling, as this may sway selection b. Sampling maybe helpful, permitting clients to experience the stimulus before selection

Answer 45

b. Sampling maybe helpful, permitting clients to experience the stimulus before selection

Question 46

Pace et al. (1985)

Answer 46

* Purpose: To demonstrate 2-stage methods for identifying reinforcers 1) Assessment of stimulus preference 2) Evaluation of RX effects

Question 47

Why was the Pace study so important?

Answer 47

-Previously, reinforcers were selected somewhat arbitrarily or by preference assessment alone

Question 48

The data from the Pace study show that most clients preferred the same items. a. True b. False

Answer 48

b. False

Question 49

What assumptions were made regarding approach in the Pace study?

Answer 49

-Approach was assumed to indicate preference

Question 50

What conclusions can be drawn from measures of approach in study 1?

Answer 50

-Preference was idiosyncratic

Question 51

Single-Stimulus PA Advantages

Answer 51

- Simple - Does not require individual to select btw stimuli - Can identify multiple preferred stimuli - Accommodates larger items/ activities

Question 52

When to Use Single-Stimulus PA

Answer 52

*For individuals who have difficulty selecting btw stimuli

Question 53

Single-Stimulus PA Limitations

Answer 53

* Undifferentiated approach- individuals may approach all/ most items * Highly preferred items may not function as RX * Stimuli have to be removed after each trial

Question 54

Which of these is NOT a limitation of SS preference assessment methods?

Answer 54

-They are Subjective

Question 55

Single-stimulus preference assessments are best for individuals:

Answer 55

*Who have difficulty selecting btw stimuli

Question 56

Rationale for Another Approach

Answer 56

* Single-stimulus PA has Limitations: | - Undifferentiated approach-individuals are likely to approach all/ most items

Question 57

Paired-Stimulus (PS) Preference Assessment

Answer 57

* Direct trial-based preference assessment in which stimuli are presented in pairs & approach responses are recorded * AKA paired-choice, forced-choice (not the best term)

Question 58

Paired-Stimulus PA

Answer 58

* Stimuli presented in pairs | - Each item paired once with every other item

Question 59

Before the Assessment

Answer 59

- Select items for inclusions * Set up for the session - Determine trials and pairs - Data sheet * Allow pre-session sampling

Question 60

Determining Number of Trials

Answer 60

* # Trials = n(n-1)/ 2 - n =total # of stimuli included - e.g. for 5 stimuli: 5(4)/ 2 = 10 trials

Question 61

Determine Pairings & Placement

Answer 61

* Each item paired once with every other item (all pairwise permutations) - Each item needs to be on the right vs. left an equal # of times

Question 62

The “paired” in paired-stimulus approach refers to what? a. Items should have already undergone the SS pairing of respondent conditioning b. Items are presented two at a time

Answer 62

b. Items are presented two at a time

Question 63

Andy is getting ready to conduct a PS preference assessment with six items. How many trials will Andy need to run? a. 1 b. 6 c. 12 d. 15

Answer 63

d. 15 The formula for determining the minimum number of trials is: n (n-1)/2, so the number of trials for six items would be calculated as such: 6(5)/2 = 15.

Question 64

What is the rationale for the development of the paired-stimulus approach?

Answer 64

-In a single-stimulus format, we may see undifferentiated approach (individuals select any stimulus placed in front of them)

Question 65

Pre-planning paired-stimulus preference assessments helps ensure: a. Each item is compared to all other stimuli, presented an equal # of times & balanced across sides b. Latency to selection will be minimized c. Info from an indirect assessment is valid

Answer 65

a. Each item is compared to all other stimuli, presented an equal # of times & balanced across sides

Question 66

Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment Procedure

Answer 66

1. Presented two items 2. Wait for approach then allow access to selected item, remove other item - No approach: Remove items & represent - Attempt to select both: Block assess 3. Record data 4. Start next trial

Question 67

In a paired-stimulus preference assessment, stimuli are placed in front of the individual: a. Equidistant b. One closer than the other c. At random locations each time

Answer 67

a. Equidistant

Question 68

Fisher et al. (1992)

Answer 68

*Purpose: To compare single-stimulus & paired-stimulus PA procedures

Question 69

Fisher et al. (1992)

Answer 69

*Demonstrated that paired-stimulus preference assessment produced more sensitive hierarchies & are more sensitive to relative reinforcer efficacy

Question 70

The results of the paired-stimulus preference assessment in the Fisher study indicate that: a. There was greater differentiation in approach as compared to the SS b. There were more false positives than the SS approach c. Some subjects showed uniformly high approach in the PS assessment d. There were many trials with no selection

Answer 70

a. There was greater differentiation in approach as compared to the SS

Question 71

The results of the Fisher study provided evidence of what? a. Single-stimulus is more sensitive than paired stimulus b. Free operant is more sensitive than single-stimulus c. Paired-stimulus is more sensitive than single-stimulus

Answer 71

c. Paired-stimulus is more sensitive than single-stimulus

Question 72

Paired-Stimulus PA: Results and Data

Answer 72

* Calculating preference hierarchy: - (approaches/ trials presented) 100 * Graphed using Bar Graph - X-axis: Stimuli - Y-axis: % selection

Question 73

Paired-Stimulus PA advantages

Answer 73

* More sensitive than single-stimulus PA methodology | * Likely to identify multiple potential reinforcers by establishing a hierarchy

Question 74

Paried-Stimulus PA Limitations

Answer 74

- Prone to false neg - Time-consuming - Stimuli are taken after access - Possible position biases

Question 75

When calculating the percent selected, we divide the number of times selected by what? a. Total number of trials with all stimuli b. Total number of trials when the specific stimulus was available

Answer 75

b. Total number of trials when the specific stimulus was available

Question 76

A paired-stimulus assessment was conducted with five items. Popcorn was selected two times. What is the percent selected? (approaches/trials presented) a. 20% (2/10 x 100) b. 40% (2/5 x 100) c. 50% (2/4 x 100) d. 60% (6/10 x 100)

Answer 76

c. 50% (2/4 x 100)

Question 77

Position Bias

Answer 77

* Evident when the selection of stimuli in a preference assessment is controlled by location rather than the items themselves * AKA Side Bias

Question 78

Position Bias (Con....td)

Answer 78

- Individual commonly selects item on 1 side - Often corresponds to hand dominance * Evidence by flat distribution (i.e. everything selected 50% of the time)

Question 79

Bourret et al. (2012)

Answer 79

- 5 participants (autism or DD) - All showed position bias during paired-stimulus assessment * 3 Interventions: - Stimulus quality training - Stimulus magnitude training - Magnitude training plus error correction

Question 80

Bouret et al. (2012)

Answer 80

* Quality training - Choice btw known nonpreferred & other stimulus * Magnitude training: - One option greater (5x) than other * Magnitude training + Error correction - Selection of smaller magnitude = block & re-presentation of trial

Question 81

Position bias means that an individual: a. Holds their body in a specific position b. Selects items placed on a particular side/ location c. Chooses items placed only to their right d. Selects items based on social significance

Answer 81

b. Selects items placed on a particular side/ location

Question 82

Mitigating Position Bias

Answer 82

* Change to vertical placement of stimuli * Hold stimuli directly in from t of the participant * Place items in opposite corners of the rom & have the participant walk to the selected item

Question 83

Position bias can be mitigated by: a. Quality training b. Magnitude training c. Magnitude training plus punishment d. Placing items in opposite corners of the room e. Holding items directly in front of the individual

Answer 83

a. Quality training b. Magnitude training d. Placing items in opposite corners of the room e. Holding items directly in front of the individual

Question 84

What should be done if attempts to mitigate or correct position bias are unsuccessful? a. Rely on indirect assessments b. Select items based on ease of use c. Use another assessment method, such as single-stimulus or free operant

Answer 84

c. Use another assessment method, such as single-stimulus or free operant

Question 85

Rationale for yet another approach

Answer 85

*Pairing-stimulus PA approach is time-consuming

Question 86

Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessments

Answer 86

* Present all items in the array simultaneously | * Participants select 1 from among all items (or remaining items) during each trial

Question 87

Multiple-Stimulus PA Variations

Answer 87

* With replacement (MSW) - Selected items are returned to the array * Without replacement (MSWO) - Selected items are not returned to the array

Question 88

Multiple-Stimulus With Replacement (MSW) PA

Answer 88

*Preference assessment method in which 3 or more items are presented to the individual & after selection the item selected is returned to the array prior to the next trial

Question 89

Before the Assessment

Answer 89

- select items for inclusion - set up for the session - allow pre-session sampling

Question 90

Multiple-Stimulus With Replacement PA Procedure

Answer 90

1. Present all items 2. Deliver instruction then allow access to selected item, remove other items - Attempt to select another item: Block access 3. Record data 4. Return selected item to array, rotate & start next trial

Question 91

In a multiple-stimulus preference assessment, items are presented: a. One at a time b. In pairs c. All stimuli together

Answer 91

c. All stimuli together

Question 92

What is the advantage of using multiple-stimulus preference assessments rather than paired-stimulus preference assessments? Multiple-stimulus preference assessments: a. Are more robust b. Are less time-consuming c. Allow more items to be assessed d. Do nit require a differentiated response

Answer 92

b. Are less time-consuming

Question 93

It is not necessary to present items in various positions during a multiple-stimulus preference assessment to avoid position bias. a. true b. false

Answer 93

b. false

Question 94

In an MSW approach, the selected item ______ returned to the array on the next trial. a. Is b. is not

Answer 94

a. is

Question 95

Windsor et al. (1994)

Answer 95

- Purpose: To compare paired-stimulus & Multiple-stimulus PA methods * Participants: 8 individuals with developmental disabilities * Completed MSW & PS preference assessments with all participants

Question 96

Windsor et al. (1994) Results

Answer 96

* Paired-stimulus meths resulted in more distinct rankings (16.7% of items were never selected in multiple-stimulus method) * Multiple-stimulus with replacement PA method more efficient than paired-stimulus PA method

Question 97

MSW Results and Data Display

Answer 97

* Preference hierarchy - Approaches/ trials presented * Graphed using bar graph - X-axis: Stimuli - Y-axis: % selection

Question 98

MSW Advantages

Answer 98

- Efficient - Less prone to overestimate due to undifferentiated approach than single-stimulus PA - provides info about the single most preferred stimulus

Question 99

MSW Limitations

Answer 99

- Limited to tabletop items - Array size limited - Stimuli are taken away after access - Little info on relative preference of unselected items - No hierarchy

Question 100

The DeLeon and Iwata (1996) study revealed that multiple-stimulus preference assessments were as reliable as paired-stimulus in identifying preferred stimuli. a. True b. False

Answer 100

b. False While multiple-stimulus preference assessments can identify the most preferred stimulus at a point in time or establish a hierarchy, the paired-stimulus typically produces more reliable results.

Question 101

_______ preference assessments identify the most preferred stimulus as opposed to a ranking or hierarchy.

Answer 101

-MSW

Question 102

Rationale for yet Another Approach

Answer 102

* Multiple-stimulus with replacement PA has limitations - No hierarchy - No info about other items in the array, which could be preferred

Question 103

Multiple-Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO) PA

Answer 103

-Preference assessment method in which 3 or more items are presented to the individual, & the item selected is removed from the array prior to the next level

Question 104

Before the Assessment

Answer 104

- Select (6-10) items for inclusion - Set up for the session - Allow pre-session sampling

Question 105

Multiple-stimulus Without Replacement PA Procedure

Answer 105

1. Present all items 2. Delver instruction then allow access to selected item, remove other items - Attempt to select another item: Block access 3. Record data 4. Remove selected item from the array, rotate & start next trial

Question 106

Why does an MSWO result in information on more stimuli? a. MSWO allows for a larger array b. The same item cannot be selected repeatedly in an MSWO c. MSW limits the # of selections d. MSWO allows for repeated selection of the same item

Answer 106

b. The same item cannot be selected repeatedly in an MSWO

Question 107

MSWO Percent Calculation

Answer 107

*Ranking/ preference hierarchy -Rank: Item chosen first, second, third etc -Approaches/ trials item presented Within or access sessions

Question 108

Remember

Answer 108

* Windsor et al. (1994): Multiple-stimulus with replacement (MSW) - Found that multiple-stimulus with replacement PA method more efficient than paired-stimulus PA method - Paired-stimulus PA method resulted in more distinct rankings (16.7% of items were never selected in multiple-stimulus PA method)

Question 109

``` Key: Strawberry (S), Sushi (SU), Cookie (C), Popsicle (P), Lollipop (L), French Fries (F) •Trial 1: L, SU, S, C, P, F •Trial 2: P, F, S, L, C •Trial 3: S, C, P, L •Trial 4: P, L, C •Trial 5: C, L ``` What number should be placed in the denominator for these calculations?

Answer 109

We divide the number of times an item is selected by the total number of trials in which the item was available. Item S was available three times and was selected once: 1/3. Item SU was available one time and was selected once: 1/1. Item C was available five times and was selected zero times: 0/5. Item P was available four times and was selected once: 1/4. Item L was available five times and was selected once: 1/5. Item F was available two times and was selected once: 1/2.

Question 110

DeLeon & Iwata (1996)

Answer 110

*Purpose: To compare multiple-stimulus assessment, with & without replacement of selected items

Question 111

DeLeon & Iwata (1996) Cont..d) | *MSW vs. MSWO vs. PS

Answer 111

- Participants: 7 individuals with profound developmental disabilities - Stimuli: 7 items (varied across participants) - Selection of a stimulus -=> consumption or 30s access

Question 112

Procedural Review

Answer 112

*MSW: All stimuli presented on every trial *MSWO: All stimuli presented on first trial 0Selected stimuli removed on subsequent trials *PS: Stimuli presented in pairs

Question 113

DeLeon & Iwata Results (1996)

Answer 113

- High degrees of consistency for highest-ranked stimulus across all 3 assessments - MSW method produced more unselected stimuli than MSWO or PS methods - Rankings across assessments were similar & fairly consistent - MSW & MSWO: More efficient than PS

Question 114

MSWO Advantages

Answer 114

- Efficient (good for frequent use) | - Provides hierarchy

Question 115

MSWO Limitations

Answer 115

- Limited to tabletop items - Array size limited - Stimuli have to be removed after each trial

Question 116

MSW Summary | -Multiple-stimulus with replacement

Answer 116

- Selected items are returned to the array | - Provides info on the single most preferred stimulus

Question 117

MSWO Summary: Multiple-stimulus without replacement (MSWO)

Answer 117

- Selected items are not returned to the array | - Provides more info about preferences among the array

Question 118

The primary advantage of the multiple-stimulus methods over the paired-stimulus method is that multiple-stimulus methods are: a. Less subjective b. Less likely to evoke prob bx c. More accurate d. More efficient

Answer 118

d. More efficient

Question 119

In which assessment are all stimuli presented on every trial? a. Single-stimulus b. Paired-stimulus c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement d. Multiple-stimulus without replacement

Answer 119

c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement

Question 120

If you want to get a clear preference hierarchy, which preference assessment should you use? a. Single- Stimulus b. Single operant c. Multiple-stimulus with replacement d. Multiple- stimulus without replacement

Answer 120

d. Multiple- stimulus without replacement

Question 121

Selection-Based Preference Assessments

Answer 121

* Items systematically presented tp produce preference hierarchies * Variations differ with respect to how many items are presented during a given trial - Preference hierarchies derived from calculations of the # of times a stimulus is selected given the # of times each is available

Question 122

Single Stimulus (SS)

Answer 122

*Adv: Simple, can include large # stimuli | Limitations: Maybe prone to false positives

Question 123

Paired-Stimulus (PS)

Answer 123

* Adv: More sensitive to relative preference | * Limitations: Time-consuming -Potential position biases

Question 124

Multiple-Stimulus (MSW & MSWO)

Answer 124

Adv: Efficient (brief) | *Limitations: May limit # items included

Question 125

Which of the following preference assessment methods may be most prone to false positives? a. Single- Stimulus b. Paired- Stimulus c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement

Answer 125

. Single- Stimulus

Question 126

Which of the following preference assessment methods may be more sensitive to relative preferences and allows one to include a large number of stimuli? a. Single- Stimulus b. Paired- Stimulus c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement

Answer 126

b. Paired- Stimulus

Question 127

Which method produces the most unselected stimuli? a. Single- Stimulus b. Paired- Stimulus c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement d. Multiple- stimulus with replacement

Answer 127

c. Multiple- stimulus without replacement

Question 128

Vocal Assessment

Answer 128

*Assessment variation where the stimuli are presented vocally & the selection response is made by vocally choosing a stimulus

Question 129

Vocal Assessment Procedure

Answer 129

* Conduct paired-stimulus preference assessment as normal, except no stimuli are present * Present pairs vocally e. g."Do you want to ride a bike or go swimming?" * Contingent on Selection, Provide access when possible

Question 130

Cohen-Almeida et al. (2000)

Answer 130

* Purpose: To compare verbal & tangible preference assessments * Participants: 6 individuals with developmental disabilities/ behavioral disorders * Results: - Both assessments identified same high preference items - Vocal was faster

Question 131

Vocal Assessment Considerations

Answer 131

- Efficient - Can include activities/ larger items - Client needs to have prerequisite vocal verbal skills

Question 132

Pictorial Assessment

Answer 132

*Assessment variation where the learner selects a pic representing an activity or stimulus

Question 133

Pictorial Assessment Procedure

Answer 133

* Conduct PS or MSWP, but use pics instead of actual stimuli * Show pics & allow selection e.g pic of a hug * When possible, allow access contingent on selection

Question 134

Pictorial Assessment Considerations

Answer 134

- Efficient - Can include activities/ stimulus that would be difficult to present in standard format * Data support the use of this variation with sufficient prerequisite skills - Does require prerequisite pic-to-object matching

Question 135

Northup et al. (1996)

Answer 135

* Purpose: To evaluate 3 assessment methods (survey, verbal PS, vocal PS) * Results: - Survey: Ineffective - Verbal & vocal PS: Identifies high & Leo preference stimulus for 3/4 participants

Question 136

A vocal preference assessment is the same as an indirect assessment. a. True b. False

Answer 136

b. False

Question 137

An advantage of both pictorial and vocal assessments is that they allow us to evaluate: a. Activities b. Social attention c. Larger items d. All of these can be evaluated

Answer 137

d. All of these can be evaluated

Question 138

Visual scanning is a prerequisite skill required for all the following preference assessments EXCEPT: a. Vocal b. Pictorial c. Paired-stimulus d. Multiple-stimulus

Answer 138

a. Vocal

Question 139

Picture-to-object matching skills are required to accurately complete which of the following preference assessments? a. Vocal b. Pictorial c. Paired-stimulus d. Multiple-stimulus

Answer 139

b. Pictorial

Question 140

Contingent Delivery in Preference Assessments

Answer 140

- Providing the item when the item is, selected e. g. Select pic of a toy car, get access to actual toy car - In some situations it is not practical e.g. Activities

Question 141

Hanley et al. (1999)

Answer 141

- Evaluated preferences using pics - Assessment trials: 3 Pics presented simultaneously - 2 potential Rx & 1 presumably neutral activity * 2 experimental conditions: - No access: Selection did not produce programmed consequences

Question 142

Kuhn et al. (2006)

Answer 142

* Evaluated preferences using a vocal verbal stimulus preference assessment * 2 experimental conditions: 1) Verbal 2) Verbal-plus-tangible

Question 143

Contingent Delivery Conclusions

Answer 143

* Contingent delivery is imp! | * Providing the stimulus following selection is necessary to produce accurate results

Question 144

Contingent delivery of a selected stimulus has no impact on the accuracy of an SPA. a. True b. False

Answer 144

b. False

Question 145

What were the findings of the Hanley et al. (1999) study?

Answer 145

Hanley et al. noted that for most of the participants, hierarchies were more likely to be observed when the selected items were immediately delivered. These findings were similar to those observed by Kuhn, DeLeon, Terlonge, & Goysovich (2006)

Question 146

Research on contingent delivery during preference assessments has generally suggested that contingent delivery:

Answer 146

*Identifies stimuli that are more likely to function as reinforcers

Question 147

During a preference assessment, it is important to provide the selected stimulus after each trial. a. True b. False

Answer 147

a. True

Question 148

Stimuli Used in Preference Assessments

Answer 148

- What type of Stimuli do you include in a preference assessment? - How do you choose? - How to Assess stimuli of different types?

Question 149

Why do we address the ecological fit of reinforcers?

Answer 149

-We must find Rx that balance acceptability, practicality and effectiveness

Question 150

Preference Assessment Array

Answer 150

*Must determine the types of stimuli tp include in the array of a single assessment

Question 151

Mixed Classes of Stimulus

Answer 151

* Classes - Edible items - Leisure/ other tangibles * Mixed class: Includes edible & tangible items in the array

Question 152

DeLeon et al. (1997)

Answer 152

* Purpose: To evaluate the inclusion of mixed classes of stimuli in preference assessments * Participants: 14 individuals with developmental disabilities * 3 MSWOs: - Edible-only. leisure-only mixed

Question 153

DeLeon et al. (1997) Results

Answer 153

* In a mixed array, all but 2 participants showed a preference for edibles - Edibles often downward displace leisure items - Leisure items may still be preferred

Question 154

Preference Assessment Array: | Take-Home Point

Answer 154

* Food items displace leisure item in mixed arrays * Food & leisure items may both function as RX, but that isn't captured when the array is mixed * Assess food & leisure items separately!

Question 155

Summary of Considerations for Preference Assessments

Answer 155

- Select stimuli that are a good Ecological fit - Provide the Stimulus contingent on a selection response - Assess food & leisure items separately

Question 156

A mixed class or mixed array means that food and tangible items are assessed: a. Together in the same assessment b. Separately in different assessments

Answer 156

a. Together in the same assessment

Question 157

Which of the following outcomes has been revealed by the research that has examined preference assessments that include mixed arrays? a. Food items often downward displace leisure items b. Leisure items often downward displace food items c. No differences in preference

Answer 157

a. Food items often downward displace leisure items

Question 158

The bottom line about mixed arrays is that for accurate results, food and leisure/tangible items: a. Should be evaluated separately b. Can be evaluated together

Answer 158

a. Should be evaluated separately

Question 159

Rationale for Another Assessment Type

Answer 159

* Some issues with selection-based approaches - Position biases - Prob bx resulting from removal of stimuli - Time-consuming * Issues with naturalistic observation - Primarily limited to items in the natural Env - Time0consuming

Question 160

Duration-Based Assessments

Answer 160

* Items are presented to the individual & the proportion of time spent engaging with the items is recorded * 2 types: - Free Operant (or multiple item) - Single-item presentation

Question 161

Free Operant (FO) Preference Assessment

Answer 161

*Duration-based preference assessment in which multiple stimuli are provided simultaneously & duration of engagement with items is measured

Question 162

Free Operant Preference Assessment Procedure

Answer 162

1. Present all items 2 allow free access for entire assessment time 3. Record duration engagement with each stimulus -Partial-interval or duration recording *Items ranked based on duration of engagement

Question 163

In a free operant preference assessment, stimuli are presented: a. One at a Time b. In pairs c. All together d. It varies based on type of stimuli used

Answer 163

c. All together

Question 164

The variable measured in an FO assessment is: a. Number of trials in which an item is selected b. Duration of engagement with each item c. Approach responses d. None of these

Answer 164

b. Duration of engagement with each item

Question 165

What are the suggested measurements to use with free-operant preference assessment? a. Rate b. Latency c. Duration d. Partial-interval

Answer 165

c. Duration | d. Partial-interval

Question 166

Roane et al. (1998)

Answer 166

- Purpose: To evaluate preferences in a brief, free operant format - Participants: 20 individuals with severe developmental disabilities

Question 167

Roane et al. (1998) Study 1 Results

Answer 167

*Free operant PA procedure identified preferred stimulus for all participants

Question 168

Roane et al. (1998) Study 2

Answer 168

- Purpose: To compare paired-stimulus Vs. Free Operant using same stimuli for both assessments - Measured: - Preference assessment results - Duration of assessment - Prob bx - Attempts to leave assessment

Question 169

Free Operant PA Advantages

Answer 169

- Faster than paired-stimulus - Less prob bx maintained by access to tangibles than a paired-stimulus - No position bias concerns

Question 170

Free Operant PA Limitations

Answer 170

- Prone to false negatives | - May not result in a hierarchy

Question 171

Which of these is a limitation of the free operant method of preference assessment? a. Position biases likely b. Prone to false negative c. Subjectivity d. Time-consuming

Answer 171

b. Prone to false negative

Question 172

Why might a free operant assessment be appropriate, even though it may have lower correspondence to results of a paired-stimulus assessment?

Answer 172

-If the client is likely to engage in prob bx during PS

Question 173

Free operant preference assessments are ______ | efficient than paired-stimulus assessments.

Answer 173

More

Question 174

Single-Item Duration Preference Assessment

Answer 174

*Preference assessment in which each item is resented individually, & the duration of engagement is measured

Question 175

Single-item Duration preference Assessment Procedure

Answer 175

1. Present 1 item, start timer 1 2. Allow 2 min access - Start timer 2 when individual begins to interact with item, stop timer 2 if person stops engaging with them 3. At end 2 min, stop both timers & remove item 4. Record data

Question 176

Falt Distribution

Answer 176

- Semi-equal responding across stimuli | - Indication that choices may not be a valid measure of preference

Question 177

DeLeon et al. (1999)

Answer 177

* Purpose: To evaluate a single-stimulus duration-based PA approach for determining stimulus preference * Participants: 4 individuals with developmental disabilities * Stimuli: 7 leisure items

Question 178

DeLeon et al. (1999) contd....

Answer 178

* 2 types of preference assessment conducted, 5 times each - MSWO procedure - Duration-based procedure - Single item placed on table - 2 min access & duration of interaction recorded - Single operant RX assessment

Question 179

DeLeon et al. (1999) Conclusion

Answer 179

-Single-item duration PA method maybe appropriate if MSWO results in a flat distribution

Question 180

Single-item Duration PA Advantages

Answer 180

-May help clarify results when a flat distribution is produced with selection-based method

Question 181

When selection-based assessments yield undifferentiated results, which measure could be helpful in single-stimulus assessments? a. Perecent selection b. Number of approaches c. Duration of engagement

Answer 181

c. Duration of engagement

Question 182

What is the purpose of indirect preference assessments? a. Can remove the need for direct preference assessments b. To confirm the selection of items chosen for PA c. To inform practitioners which items to include in PA

Answer 182

c. To inform practitioners which items to include in PA

Question 183

Which of the following are trial-based preference assessments? a. Single-stimulus b. MSWO c. Free operant d. Paired-stimulus e. Naturalistic observation f. MSW

Answer 183

a. Single-Stimulus b. MSWO d. Paired-stimulus f. MSW

Question 184

Graff and Karsten (2012) found that what percentage of BCBA/BCaBA practitioners use direct methods?

Answer 184

-89%

Question 185

Selecting a Preference Assessment

Answer 185

* Some considerations: - Quality of info - Tine available & preference assessment efficiency - Abilities & position biases - Problem Bx

Question 186

Quality of info in Preference Assessments

Answer 186

- Indirect methods: Unreliable, but a necessary First step - SS: Prone to false positives - PS: Identifies most potent RX - MSW: No Hierarchy - MSWO: Provides hierarchy - FO: False negatives

Question 187

Efficiency in Preference Assessments

Answer 187

- Indirect: Efficient - SS: Efficient - PS: Time- consuming - MSW: Efficient - MSWO: Efficient - Naturalistic: Time- consuming - FO: Efficient - Single-item duration: Efficient

Question 188

Efficiency Guide

Answer 188

- If including a large # of stimuli: Use a single-stimulus - If there is ample time to complete the assessment: Use a paired-stimulus - If time is an issue: Use a free operant, single-stimulus or MSWO

Question 189

Which preference assessment method is prone to false positives?

Answer 189

-Single-Stimulus

Question 190

Which preference assessment method results in a hierarchy of preferences?

Answer 190

-MSWO

Question 191

Abilities in Preference Assessments

Answer 191

*Participant's skill repertoire -Approach response? -Visual scanning? -Match to sample =Auditory match-to-sample? *Position bias potential

Question 192

Problem Bx in Preference Assessments

Answer 192

*Removal of stimuli may evoke prob bx -Paired-stimulus & MSWO evoke prob bx maintained by tangible Rx-Free operant does not *Observer may be Sd for attention -Free operant may evoke bx maintained by attention (Paired-stimulus & MSWO do not)

Question 193

An approach response is a prerequisite for all the following methods except which? a. Single-stimulus b. MSWO c. Pictorial d. Vocal

Answer 193

d. Vocal

Question 194

Which preference assessment method does not require scanning skills? a. Paired- stimulus b. Single-stimulus c. Pictorial d. Free-operant

Answer 194

b. Single-Stimulus

Question 195

Which method is better to use when individuals demonstrate problem behavior related to access to tangibles? a. Free operant b. Paired- stimulus c. Indirect only d. MSWO

Answer 195

a. Free operant

Question 196

Which method is better to use when individuals demonstrate problem behavior related to access to attention? a. Free operant b. Indirect only c. MSWO

Answer 196

c. MSWO

Question 197

SS Adv/ Dis Adv

Answer 197

- Adv: Efficiency, IDs large $ of reinforcers | - Disadv: Prone false positives, Removal of stimuli

Question 198

PS Adv/ Dis Adv

Answer 198

- Adv: More distinct rankings than SS, IDs most potent RX | - Disadv: Prone to false negatives, Potential for side bias, Time-consuming, Removal of stimuli

Question 199

MSW/ MSWO Adv, Dis Adv

Answer 199

- Adv Brief (good for freq use) | - DisAdv: MSW; No hierarchy, Array size limited by abilities, Removal of stimuli

Question 200

FO | Adv, Dis Adv

Answer 200

- Adv: Brief, Good if relinquishing issues | - Dis Adv: False negatives, Relatedly, sometimes no hierarchy

Question 201

Which type of assessment is good for frequent use? a. Free operant b. MSWO c. Paired-stimulus d. Single-stimulus

Answer 201

b. MSWO

Question 202

Which assessment is the most susceptible to side bias? a. Free operant b. Single-stimulus c. Paired-stimulus

Answer 202

c. Paired-stimulus

Question 203

Recommendations for Conducting Preference Assessments

Answer 203

- Providing access contingent on selection - Consider ecologist fit & potential effectiveness factors - Conduct separate preference assessments for different classes of stimuli

Question 204

Recommendations for Selecting Preference Assessments

Answer 204

- SS: Use if individuals has intact motor skills but cannot visually scan an array - PS: Use if individual has scanning/ motor skills & time permits - MSWO: Use if individual has scanning/ motor skills & time is limited - SS or FO: Use if position bias is a persistent issue

Question 205

Recommendations for Selecting Preference Assessments (Contd...)

Answer 205

- FO: Use if removal of stimuli evokes prob Bx - PS, SS, MSWO: Use if FO evokes prob bx - Pictorial/ verbal: Use to assess complex stimuli if individual has requisite match-to-sample skills

Question 206

Assess Preference Often

Answer 206

1. Indirect method to generate a list of potential stimuli 2. Paired-stimulus to generate a stimulus hierarchy & then use intermittently 3. Conduct MSWO freq (daily or even hourly)

Question 207

Assess Stability of Preference

Answer 207

- Preference shift over time - Be aware of within-session & across-session shifts in preference - EOs & AOs

Question 208

Preference assessments should be completed frequently as preferences change. a. True b. False

Answer 208

a. True

Question 209

Preferences may shift _____ sessions. a. Within b. Across c. Both within & across d. Across, but not within

Answer 209

c. Both within & across

Question 210

Indirect PA

Answer 210

-Adv: Least effortful | DisAdv: Subjective, Results don't always correspond to direct

Question 211

Direct Naturalistic Observation

Answer 211

- Adv: Objective, More valid than indirect | - Dis Adv: Time-consuming,. stimuli in natural env limited

Question 212

Direct PA

Answer 212

- Adv: Most Accurate, Stimuli not limited | - DisAdv: Time-consuming