1
Q
Gray matter
A
- derives its color from the motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies and their associated capillary beds, as well as the dendrites and some unmyelinated axons
- cortex and cerebral nuclei
2
Q
cerebral nuclei
A
- internal clusters of gray matter embedded within masses of white matter
3
Q
white matter
A
- derives its color from the myelin on the abundant myelinated axons.
- lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex
- inner white matter, corpus callosum, internal capsule
4
Q
tracts
A
- bundles of parallel axons in the CNS
5
Q
brain protected by and isolated by multiple structures
A
- cranium
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluids
- blood-brain barrier
6
Q
cranium
A
- provides rigid support
7
Q
meninges
A
- surround and partition
- connective tissue membranes unique to CNS
8
Q
cerebrospinal fluid
A
- cushions
9
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
- prevents entry of harmful products
10
Q
three cranial meningeal layers
A
- pia mater
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater
11
Q
function of the meninges
A
- separate and support the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect some of the blood vessels that supply that brain, and help contain and circulate CSF
12
Q
pia mater
A
- innermost layer
- thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue
- tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface
13
Q
arachnoid mater
A
- external to the pia mater
14
Q
arachnoid space
A
- delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers that extend from the arachnoid to the pia mater
15
Q
subarachnoid space
A
- contains CSF
16
Q
subdural space
A
- becomes an actual space if blood or fluid accumulates there
- between arachnoid mater and dura mater.
17
Q
dura mater
A
- strongest of the meninges
- composed of meningeal and periosteal layer
18
Q
meningeal layer
A
- immediately superficial to the arachnoid
19
Q
periosteal layer
A
- forms the periosteum on the internal surface of cranial bones
20
Q
dural venous sinuses
A
- formed when the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces
- do not have valves to regulate blood flow.
21
Q
cranial dura septa
A
- double layers of dura mater that separate specific parts of the brain and provides additional stabilization and support
22
Q
structure of ventricles
A
- cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the neural canal.
- all lined with ependymal cells and produce CSF within the choroid plexus.
- largest volume of CSF produced in lateral ventricles.
23
Q
lateral ventricles
A
- 2 of them
- located in cerebrum
- separated by the septum pellucidum
24
Q
third ventricle
A
- smaller and thinner
- located within the diencephalon
25
fourth ventricle
- located between the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
- opens to the subarachnoid space via a single median aperture and paired lateral aperatures
- merges with central canal in the spinal cord
26
interventricular foramen
- opening that connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
27
cerebral aqueduct
- passes through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle with the fourth
28
CSF formation
- produced by the choroid plexus
29
choroid plexus
- composed of a layer of glial cells called ependymal cells and the blood capillaries within the pia mater
30
CSF flow
- flows from lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen
- then through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle
- passes through the paired lateral apertures and median aperture into the subarachnoid space as well as the central canal of the spinal cord
31
CSF removal
- excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi and collected in arachnoid granulations
- CSF forced from the subarachnoid space across the arachnoid villi to return to the blood within the dural venous sinuses
32
structure of blood-brain barrier
- formed by specialized capillaries composed of endothelial lining resting on a basement membrane
33
endothelial cells contain
- tight junctions, which passage of materials between cells.
34
perivascular feet of astrocytes
- wrap capillaries
- form outmost portion of BBB
- act as gatekeepers controlling materials that are unable to cross into or out of blood
35
What can pass through BBB?
- lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol and nicotine
36
What damages the BBB?
- drugs such as cocaine or heroin
37
BBB is missing or partially removed in?
- choroid plexus
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
38
function of BBB
- protect nervous tissue by strictly regulating which substances can and cannot enter the interstitial fluid of the brain to help prevent exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances.
39
cerebrum
- location of conscious thought processes and origin of all complex intellectual functions.
- center of intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, voluntary motor, visual, auditory activities, and judgement
40
2 hemispheres of cerebrum
- separated by longitudinal fissure
| - communication facilitated by white matter tracts
41
corpus callosum
- connects the hemispheres
| - main method for communication between these hemispheres
42
frontal lobe
- voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality
- premotor cortex and motor speech area (Brocha's)
43
parietal lobe
- general sensory functions such as touch and taste
| - somatosensory cortex and association area
44
temporal lobe
- hearing and smell
45
occipital lobe
- processes incoming visual information and storing visual memories
46
insula
- involved in memory and the interpretation of taste
47
prefrontal cortex
- associated with many higher intellectual functions such as complex thought, judgement, expression of personality, planning future behaviors, and decision making
48
Wernicke's area
- involved in recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language
49
Gnostic area
- composed of parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
- integrates all somatosensory, visual, and auditory information being processed and provides understanding of the current activity
50
commisural tracts
- extend between hemispheres through axonal bridges called commissaries
- prominent tracts linking right and left hemispheres
- large corpus callosum
- smaller anterior and posterior commissure
51
association tracts
- connect different regions of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
52
arcuate fibers
- short association tracts that connect neighboring gyri
53
longitudinal fasciculi
- longer association tracts that connect gyri in different lobes of the same hemisphere
54
projection tracts
- link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
55
internal capusle
- packed group of axons in these tracts passing in between the cerebral nuclei and thalamus
56
petalias
- shape asymmetries of the frontal and occipital lobes
57
right frontal petalias
- right frontal lobe projection farther than left
58
left occipital petalias
- left occipital lobe projection farther than right
59
right handed people
- right frontal petalias
| - left occipital petalias
60
left handed people
- left frontal petalias
| - right occipital petalias
61
cerebral lateralization
- each hemisphere tends to be specialized for certain tasks
- functional differences due to specialization
- develops early in life - prior to 5-6 years of age
- differs between sexes
62
women's corpus callosum
- thicker
| - more connected
63
handedness
- in right handers, left hemisphere is categorical
| - in left handers, either hemisphere may be categorical
64
categorical hemisphere
- in most people, the left hemisphere
- contains right visual field
- specialized for language abilities, and important in performing sequential and analytical reasoning tasks
- usually contains Wernicke and motor speech area
65
representational hemisphere
- the right in most people
- contains left visual field
- concerned with visuospatial relationships and analysis
- usually associated with imagination, musical and artistic skill, pattern recognition, and comparison of sensory information
66
thalamus structure
- gray matter mass
- composed of about a dozen thalamic nuclei organized into large groups
- groups axons projecting to particular regions of cortex
67
thalamus function
- receives impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction
- final relay point for incoming sensory information that is processed and projected to the primary somatosensory center
- acts as an information filter
68
hypothalamus
- master control of autonomic nervous system
- master control of endocrine system
- produces ADH and oxytocin
- regulation of body temperature
- control of emotional behavior
- control of food and water intake
- regulation of circadian rhythms
69
epithalamus structure
- forms posterior roof of diencephalon and covers the third ventricle
- contains pineal gland and habenuclear nuclei
70
habenuclear nuclei
- helps relay signal from limbic system to midbrain
| - involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
71
brainstem
- connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
- bidirectional pathway
- contains many autonomic centers and reflex centers
- houses nuclei of many cranial nerves
72
midbrain
- substantia nigra
- tegmentum
- tectum
73
substantia nigra
- houses clusters of neurons that produce dopamine
| - degeneration is pathology for Parkinson's
74
tegmentum
- contains pigmented red nuclei
- integrates information from cerebrum and cerebellum
- issues involuntary motor commands to maintain posture
75
tectum
- controls visual reflex and tracking
| - controls auditory reflexes (turn toward noise)
76
pons
- contains sensory and motor tracts connect brain and spinal cord
- pontine respiratory center helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing
- receives auditory input, involved in pathway for sound localization
77
medulla oblongata
- all communication b/w brain and spinal cord involves tracts that ascend or descend through here
78
pyramids
- house motor projection tracts called corticospinal tracts
- most tract axons cross at decussation of the pyramids, so each side of the cortex controls movement on opposite site of the body
79
nucleus
- receives somatic sensory information and signals to the thalamus
80
cardiac center
- regulates heart's output
81
vasomotor center
- regulates blood vessel diameter
| - influence on blood pressure
82
medullary respiratory center
- controls breathing rate
| - communicates with pontine respiratory center
83
function of cerebellum
- coordinates and "fine-tunes" movements
- ensures muscle activity follows correct pattern
- stores memory of previously learned movement
- regulates activity along voluntary and involuntary motor paths
- adjusts movement initiated by cerebrum, ensuring smoothness
- helps maintain equilibrium and posture
- continuously receives motor plans and sensory feedback
84
superior cerebellar peduncle
- connects cerebellum to midbrain
85
middle cerebellar peduncle
- connects pons to midbrain
86
inferior cerebellar peduncle
- connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata
87
voluntary pathways
- primary motor cortex and cerebral nuclei within the cerebrum send nerve signals through the nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum
88
assessment of voluntary movements
- proprioreceptors in skeletal muscles and joints send sensory input regarding the degree of movement to the cerebellum
89
integration and analysis
- the cerebellum compares the planned movements against the results of the actual movements
90
corrective feedback
- the cerebellum sends nerve signals through the thalamus to the primary motor cortex and to the motor nuclei in the brainstem
91
role of limbic system
- process and experience emotion
92
cingulate gyrus
- receives input from other components of the limbic system
93
parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus
- storing memories and forming long-term memory
94
amygdaloid body
- involved in several aspects of emotion, especially fear
95
olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex
- process odors that can provoke emotions
96
location of reticular formation
- projects vertically through the core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
- projects into the diencephalon and spinal cord as well
97
motor components of reticular formation
- communicates with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating muscle tone
- assists in respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate
98
reticular activating system
- alerts the cerebrum to incoming sensory information
- uses information to keep us alert
- arouses us from sleep
99
spinal cord
- extends inferiorly from medulla oblongata through vertebral canal and ends at level of L1 vertebra
- has roolets coming off
100
major landmarks of the spinal cord
- conus medullaris
- cauda equina
- filum terminale
101
conus medullaris
- tapering end marking end of spinal cord
102
cauda equina
- nerve roots projecting inferiorly from spinal cord
103
filum terminale
- thin strand of pia matter anchoring the conus medullaris to the coccyx
104
spinal meninges
- protect and encapsulate the spinal cord and are continuous with the cranial meninges
105
pia mater
- innermost meningeal layer of elastic and collagen fibers
| - adheres to spinal cord and support blood vessels
106
denticulate ligaments
- triangular extensions of spinal pia mater that attaches to the dura mater
107
arachnoid mater
- lies external to pia mater and composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
- immediately deep is subarachnoid space filled with CSF
108
dura mater
- outmost layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
- provides stability to the spinal cord
- fuses with the connective tissue layers that surround the spinal nerves
109
epidural space
- lies b/w dura mater and inner walls of vertebra, and houses adipose and areolar connective tissue and blood vessels
- absent in cranium
110
gray matter in spinal cord
- dominated by neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and unmyelinated axons
- centrally located shape resembles an H
- subdivided into anterior horns, lateral horns, posterior horns, and gray commissure
111
white matter in spinal cord
- composed of myelinated axons that extend to and from the brain
- partitioned on each side of the spinal cord into three regions, each called a funiculus
112
posterior horns
- axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
113
lateral horns
- T1-L2 of spinal cord
| - cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
114
anterior horns
- cell bodies of somatic motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle
115
gray commissure
- horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow central canal
116
sensory nuclei
- contains interneuron cell bodies
117
motor nuclei
- contain motors neuron cells that send nerve signals to muscles and glands
118
posterior root
- many axons of sensory neurons whose cell bodies are in posterior root ganglion
119
anterior root
- many axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in anterior and lateral horns.
BIO 212 Class
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