Unit 4 - Section 2 - Territoriality

Question 1

4 factors that define territoriality

Answer 1

1. Behaviour/attitudes - held by individual/group
2. Ownership - Perceived, attempted, or actual
3. Definable - space, object, or idea
4. May require occupation, defence, personalization, marking

Question 2

Methods of measuring territoriality

Answer 2

1. Field studies and field experiments
2. Surveys and interviews
3. Naturalistic observation and unobtrusive measures

Question 3

Identify personal, social, physical, and cultural factors that influence territoriality

Answer 3

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Question 4

Describe human behavioural patterns associated with territoriality

Answer 4

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Question 5

Compare current theories of territoriality

Answer 5

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Question 6

Apply knowledge about territoriality to environmental design

Answer 6

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Question 7

Compare the concepts of personal space and territoriality

Answer 7

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Question 8

Is territoriality primarily a cognitive and affective process or a behavioural process?

Answer 8

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Question 9

Does territoriality make it easier for groups and individuals to dominate others, or does it allow people to get along better and avoid conflict?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Are territorial behaviours, attitudes, and feelings highly place-dependent, or are they most socially and culturally determined?

Answer 10

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Question 11

Are territories quite small, or can they be of any size - from personal space to nation-states?

Answer 11

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Question 12

How can territories be infringed upon?

Answer 12

1. Invasion
2. Violation
3. Contamination

Question 13

What functions do human territories serve?

Answer 13

1. Privacy - Preserve and regulate privacy, exert control over activities
2. Identity - Manage and communicate a sense of personal identity
3. Social roles - Support, clarify social roles, regulate interactions, minimize conflict

Question 14

What is Newman’s Defensible Space Theory?

Answer 14

Converting public territories to semi-private territories by using real or symbolic barriers could reduce crime and fear of crime

Question 15

Is territoriality instinctive or learned?

Answer 15

2 approaches to territoriality:

1. The evolutionary and genetic approach
2. The interaction organizer approach

Question 16

What are 5 features of human territoriality?

Ralph Taylor

Answer 16

1. Product of biological and cultural evolution
2. Place-specific
3. Relevant to individuals and small groups who have face-to-face interactions
4. Not hardwired
5. Not always accompanied by aggression

Question 17

Ardey - Territoriality is hardwired, instinctive, and has inescapable consequences

Answer 17

• Humans have a drive to claim and defend territory, and conflict is inevitable
• Explains the behaviours of everyone from homeowners to nations

Question 18

How does territoriality help humans function psychologically?

What does it give us?

(Ardey)

Answer 18

1. Security
2. Stimulation
3. Identity

Question 19

How does territoriality help humans function psychologically?

What does it give us?

(Edney)

Answer 19

1. For individuals - territory allows resident to organize behaviours
2. For interpersonal relations - regulates social interaction by clarifying the roles of residents and visitors … provides order in human behaviour by making events predictable in a specific place in any culture
3. For communities - territories provide fixed locations that make the search for resources easier
4. Interpersonal level -

Question 20

How are personal space and human territories similar?

Answer 20

1. Both refer to space that is “claimed”
2. Invasion of personal space/territory can cause arousal and stress
3. Reaction to invader differs depending on person and our relationship with them
4. Physical environment can be used to delineate boundaries - both personal space and territoriality are ways to maintain interpersonal boundaries

Question 21

How are personal space and human territories different?

Answer 21

• Personal space always with us - territories can be left behind
• Territorial claims persist over time and when one is elsewhere
• Territories have marked boundaries … personal spaces have invisible boundaries
• Personal space usually smaller than a territory

Question 22

Personal factors that influence territoriality

Answer 22

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Personality and intelligence

Question 23

Social context that influences territoriality

Answer 23

1. Social climate
2. Social class
3. Competition for resources
4. Legal ownership
5. Task

Question 24

What is the Cost-Benefit theory of animal territoriality?

Answer 24

Predicts that territoriality is greatest when resources are abundant, because that is when the benefits of territoriality are worth the effort of defending them

• When resources are scattered and scarce, territories must be larger to provide enough food, and the effort of defending such a large space outweighs the meager living the animal can obtain from it
• Animals living in conditions where resources are difficult to find abandon territoriality in favour of a catch-as-catch-can approach

Question 25

Physical context that influences territoriality

Answer 25

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