1
Q
When was the Tehran Conference held?
A
November–December 1943.
2
Q
: Which leaders attended the Tehran Conference? ;
A
Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (UK).
3
Q
: What military decision was made at the Tehran Conference? ;
A
To open a Second Front in Western Europe (Operation Overlord, 1944).
4
Q
What was Stalin promised at Tehran in relation to Poland? ;
A
; Poland’s eastern border would follow the Curzon Line, giving USSR territory.
5
Q
What was agreed regarding Germany at the Tehran Conference? ;
A
Post-war Germany would be weakened, disarmed, and possibly divided.
6
Q
When was the Yalta Conference held?
A
February 1945.
6
Q
Which leaders attended the Yalta Conferen
A
Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (UK).
7
Q
: What was agreed at Yalta regarding Germany?
A
Germany would be divided into 4 zones (USA, USSR, UK, later France).
8
Q
: What agreement was made at Yalta concerning Berlin?
A
Berlin would also be divided into 4 sectors despite being in the Soviet zone.
8
Q
What was decided at Potsdam regarding Germany?
A
Germany would be demilitarised, de-Nazified, democratised, and divided into 4 zones.
8
Q
historian John Lewis Gaddis
A
historian John Lewis Gaddishistorian Caroline Kennedy-Pipe,istorian Martin McCaule
8
Q
: When was the Potsdam Conference held
A
July–August 1945.
9
Q
Which leaders attended the Potsdam Conference
A
Stalin (USSR), Truman (USA), Attlee (UK – after Churchill lost election mid-conference).
9
Q
What was the main ideological difference between the USA and USSR?
A
USA: Capitalism & Democracy. USSR: Communism & a one-party state.
9
Q
: Who gave the “Iron Curtain” speech?
A
Winston Churchill in march 5 1946.
9
Q
What was the US economy based on?
A
What was the Soviet economy based on?
9
Q
Why did the USSR fear the USA?
A
They feared capitalism would attack or undermine their communist system.
9
Q
: Why did the USA fear the USSR?
A
A: They feared communism would spread and destroy freedom.
9
Q
: What was the “power vacuum” in Europe?
A
A: The weakness of European countries after WWII, which the USA and USSR competed to fill.
10
Q
What did the “Iron Curtain” symbolize?
A
: The division between communist Eastern Europe and capitalist Western Europe.
11
Q
hat was Stalin’s main goal in Eastern Europe after WWII?
A
To create a “buffer zone” of friendly states to protect the USSR from the West.
12
Q
What are “salami tactics”?
A
The step-by-step elimination of political opposition to create communist states.
13
Q
What was COMINFORM (1947)?
A
The Soviet-led organisation to coordinate communist parties across Europe and ensure loyalty to Moscow. AIM- - Aimed to:
- Ensure ideological conformity across the Eastern Bloc.
- Control the spread of Soviet-style communism.
- Counteract Marshall Plan/Western influence.
14
Q
What was the Truman Doctrine?
A
: A US policy to “support free peoples” resisting communism. $400 million
14
What US policy did the Truman Doctrine begin?
The policy of Containment.
15
What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine?
It formalised US opposition to communism and shifted US foreign policy to interventionism.
15
What event prompted the Truman Doctrine?
: Communist threats to the governments of Greece and Turkey.
16
What was the Marshall Plan?
A US program offering $13 billion in economic aid to rebuild European countries after WWII.
16
What was the main goal of the Marshall Plan?
: To prevent economic collapse, which might lead to the spread of communism.
17
How did the USSR respond to the Marshall Plan?
They rejected it and created their own economic plan called COMECON for Eastern Bloc countries.
17
How did the USSR view the Marshall Plan
As "economic imperialism" and a tool for US influence.
18
What policy meant that a nuclear war would destroy both the USA and USSR?
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
18
What was the outcome of the Berlin Blockade?
Stalin lifted the blockade; it was a defeat for the USSR and a victory for the West.
18
: How did the Western Allies respond to the blockade?
: With the Berlin Airlift, flying in supplies for over 11 months.
19
Why did Stalin blockade West Berlin?
To force the Western Allies (US, UK, France) out of Berlin by cutting off all land and water supplies.
20
What was Harry Truman's role in the early Cold War?
As US President, he initiated the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, defining the US policy of containment.
20
What were two major consequences of the Blockade?
: 1) The creation of NATO (1949). 2) The formal division of Germany into East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG).
21
: What ended the US monopoly on nuclear weapons?
: The USSR testing its first atomic bomb in 1949.
22
What was the main impact of the arms race on Europe?
: Europe became divided into two armed camps (NATO vs. Warsaw Pact) and was a potential nuclear battlefield.
23
: What was the main cause of the Hungarian Uprising?
nspired by Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation; desire for political reform and freedom from Soviet control.
23
How did the USSR respond? hugarina uprisng 1956
They invaded with tanks on 4 November 1956, crushing the revolt.
24
Why was the Berlin Wall built?
To stop the "brain drain" of people fleeing from East Germany to West Germany.
25
What was the key consequence for Eastern Europe? hugarian uprisng
It showed the limits of Soviet tolerance—no country could leave the Warsaw Pact.
25
How did the West react? hungarian uprising
They provided no military aid, showing their unwillingness to intervene directly in the Soviet sphere.
26
On what date was the Berlin Wall built?
3 August 1961.
27
On what date did the Berlin Wall fall?
: 9 November 1989.
28
What was a major consequence of the Wall's fall?
t led to German reunification in 1990 and marked the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
28
What was NATO (1949)?
: A military alliance of the USA, Canada, and Western European nations for collective defence against communism.
28
: Why was the Warsaw Pact (1955) formed?
As the Soviet Union's direct response to West Germany joining NATO.
29
How was the Warsaw Pact used?
To justify Soviet military presence in Eastern Europe and to crush rebellions (e.g., Hungary 1956, Prague Spring 1968).
30
What was the ECSC (1951)?
The European Coal and Steel Community, the first step towards European integration.
31
Q: What was the EEC (1957)?
The European Economic Community (or Common Market), created by the Treaty of Rome to eliminate trade barriers establish free trade.
31
Why did French President de Gaulle block the UK from joining the EEC?
He mistrusted the UK, believing it was too closely aligned with the USA and would undermine French leadership.
32
: Who became Soviet leader after Stalin and started "de-Stalinisation"?
Nikita Khrushchev.
33
Define the "Arms Race."
The competition between the USA and USSR to develop superior military technology and nuclear weapons.
33
What was "Peaceful Coexistence"?
Khrushchev's policy of competing with the West economically and ideologically without direct military conflict
33
: What did the Soviet crushing of the Prague Spring in 1968 demonstrat
A: The Brezhnev Doctrine—that the USSR would intervene in any socialist country where communist rule was under threat.
33
Define "Containment."
The US policy of preventing the spread of communism beyond where it already existed.
34
Q: What was a major effect of de-Stalinisation in Eastern Europe?
: It inspired protests and uprisings (like in Hungary and Poland) as people hoped for reform and greater freedom.
35
What was "Détente"?
A: A period of improved relations and reduced tension between the superpowers, most associated with the 1970s.
35
What was the name of the doctrine that stated a nuclear war would destroy both superpowers, thus preventing one?
A: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
35
What event in 1949 ended the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons?
: The Soviet Union testing its first atomic bomb.
36
: What event in 1949 ended the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons?
: The Soviet Union testing its first atomic bomb.
36
How did the launch of Sputnik in 1957 contribute to the Arms Race?
t began the Space Race and demonstrated advanced missile technology, fueling military competition.
37
What 1962 event brought the world to the brink of nuclear war?
: The Cuban Missile Crisis
37
What was the name of the 1972 treaty that froze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) for the USA and USSR?
SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks).
38
hat was President Reagan's "Star Wars" initiative officially called?
: The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).
38
Which 1987 treaty between Gorbachev and Reagan eliminated an entire class of nuclear missiles?
The INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty).
39
Who was the leader of Czechoslovakia who initiated the reforms of the Prague Spring in 1968?
Alexander Dubček.
40
Q: What was the core idea of the Brezhnev Doctrine, announced in 1968?
A: The USSR had the right to intervene in any socialist country where socialist rule was threatened.
41
What is the name of the strategy of pushing a situation to the edge of war to force an opponent to back down?
Brinkmanship.
42
What is the term for the period of reduced Cold War tensions in the 1970s?
A: Détente.
43
Which Soviet leader introduced the Brezhnev Doctrine and was a key architect of détente?
Leonid Brezhnev.
43
: Which West German Chancellor initiated "Ostpolitik," a policy of normalising relations with Eastern Europe?
: Willy Brandt.
43
What 1963 treaty banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater?
he Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
43
Q: In what year did the Soviet Union officially collapse, ending the Cold
A: 1991.
44
: What 1968 treaty aimed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear states?
: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
44
Q: What was Gorbachev's policy of economic "restructuring"?
A: Perestroika.
44
What was Gorbachev's policy of "openness," allowing greater freedom of speech?
Glasnost.
44
What 1975 agreement, signed by 35 nations, focused on security, human rights, and cooperation in Europe?
: The Helsinki Accord
45
Q: What event in 1989 symbolized the imminent end of the Cold War?
The fall of the Berlin Wall.
45
: What event in 1979 effectively ended the period of détente?
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
45
Who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and introduced major reforms?
Mikhail Gorbachev.
46
: What 1987 treaty eliminated all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe?
A: The INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty).
47
: What was the Soviet policy, abandoned by Gorbachev, that asserted the right to intervene in socialist countries?
The Brezhnev Doctrine.
48
: In his 1983 speech, what term did President Reagan use to describe the Soviet Union?
: The "Evil Empire."
49
Q: What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's Perestroika reforms?
A: To revitalize and modernize the stagnant Soviet economy.
50
INF TREATY 1987
it was the first treaty to eliminate an entire category of nuclear weapons, leading to the destruction of over 2,700 missiles and
51
What 1949 military alliance was formed by the US and its allies to deter Soviet aggression?
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
52
Who was the Chancellor of West Germany from 1974-1982 who was highly critical of Reagan's policies?
Helmut Schmidt.
53
What was Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) popularly known as?
Star Wars."
54
: What policy, initiated by Willy Brandt, did Erich Honecker continue with West
Ostpolitik
54
Which 1969 treaty did Western European countries believe Reagan's SDI project threatened?
The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.
55
: Who was the President of France from 1981-1995 who shared Schmidt's concerns about US policy endangering European security?
François Mitterrand
56
: Who was the leader of Yugoslavia who defied Stalin and unified the country
: Josip Broz Tito
56
What major shift in US foreign policy did Reagan and his advisors conclude was necessary by 1983?
: A shift towards improved relations with the USSR, or renewed détente, to decrease the risk of nuclear war.
57
: Which Soviet leader, who came to power in 1985, was seen as pragmatic and open to reform?
Mikhail Gorbachev
57
Who was the leader of East Germany (GDR) that continued the policy of Ostpolitik in the 1980s?
Erich Honecker
58
nt: Which British Prime Minister famously said of Gorbachev, "We can do business together"?
: Margaret Thatcher
59
ront: What were Gorbachev's two key policies for reforming the USSR?
k: Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring)
59
: Who was the Serbian leader during the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s
Slobodan Milosevic
60
t: What was the name of the army, dominated by Serbian leadership, that attacked Slovenia and other republics?
ack: Yugoslav People's Army (JNA)
60
t: Which republic started the Yugoslav Wars with its "Ten-Day War" for independence in 1991?
ack: Slovenia
60
: What was the 1What was the 1991 agreement, mediated by the European Community, that ended the fighting in Slovenia?
The Brioni Agreemen
60
What was the 1995 event where Bosnian Serb forces killed approximately 8,000 Bosniak men and boys?
ck: The Srebrenica Genoci
61
t: What was the name of the 1995 NATO bombing campaign against Serb forces that led to peace talks?
ck: Operation Deliberate Force
61
: What were the 1995 peace accords that ended the Bosnian War?
Back: The Dayton Accords
62
n: What was the name of the 1990 treaty involving the two Germanys and the four Allied powers that paved the way for German reunification?
Two Plus Four Agreement.
62
Front: What was the name of the 1999 NATO bombing campaign to stop Serbian actions in Kosovo?
ack: Operation Allied Force
62
What is the political and economic union of 27 European countries that succeeded the European Community?
ck: The European Union (EU)
62
hat is the group of EU countries that have adopted the euro as their cu
ck: The Eurozone
63
name of the 1989 policy which signalled that the USSR would no longer use military force to control its satellite states in Eastern Europe?
he Sinatra Doctrine.
63
Who was the leader of the Soviet Union whose policies of Perestroika and Glasnost directly contributed to the collapse of the Communist Bloc?
Mikhail Gorbachev.
63
n: Identify the event that is widely considered the symbolic end of the Cold War division of Europe, occurring on November 9, 1989.
r: The fall of the Berlin Wall.
64
What event in 1980 is considered a major catalyst for the rise of nationalism and the eventual break-up of Yugoslavia?
The death of its long-time communist leader, Josip Broz Tito.
65
Which Yugoslav republics declared independence in 1991, triggering the first armed conflicts?
Slovenia and Croatia.
66
: What was the 1995 event in Bosnia, classified as a genocide by the ICTY, where Bosnian Serb forces killed over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys?
he Srebrenica Massacre.
67
What was the name of the 1995 US-brokered peace agreement that ended the Bosnian War?
The Dayton (Dayton Peace) Accords.
68
hat was the primary trigger for the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)?
The Kosovo Conflict (1998-1999), specifically Serbian repression of ethnic Albanians and Milošević's refusal to sign the Rambouillet Accords.
69
n: In what year did Kosovo declare independence, a move that remains disputed internationally?
2008.
70
NPT aim
Prevent the spread (proliferation) of nuclear weapons to states that didn’t already have them.
Promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy (for medicine, power, etc.).
Encourage nuclear disarmament among existing nuclear powers.
71
Q: What were the three “baskets” of the Helsinki Accords?
Basket I – Security in Europe: Recognition of post–WWII borders and a commitment to peaceful dispute resolution.
Basket II – Cooperation in Economics, Science, and the Environment: Encouraged trade, technology exchange, and cultural contact between East and West.
Basket III – Human Rights: Commitment to freedom of speech, movement, religion, and human rights, pressuring the USSR to improve civil liberties.
MOD HISTORY
flashcards
Decks in class (37)
# Cards
-
Internal Divisions and Crises in Russian Society, Including the Impact of WW110
-
PPT RUSSIA FROM 1914 - 191726
-
T1 Test Question/Practice/ Discontent in Russia + 1917 Revoloution20
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T1 5/02 PPT Class Notes Russia 1914 -191712
-
T1 5/02 Russia 1914 –1917 GPT Notes19
-
T1 7/02 GPT Notes Learning intentions11
-
T1 Downfall of Tsar Nicholas 27
-
T1 Rise of Bolsheviks9
-
T1 Downfall on PG7
-
T1 Qoutes12
-
Week 4-7 Syllabus Dot Point Notes30
-
Week 4-7 Key teaching point notes0
-
PPT 19
-
ppt 221
-
Week 111
-
Week 211
-
Week 312
-
Week 411
-
Week 69
-
Week 711
-
Week 89
-
Weel 98
-
Week 1114
-
Wekk 12 -1310
-
Great Purges PPT notes (Essay P)25
-
Common command words4
-
Stalin Purges ESSAY10
-
kk4
-
Russia Civil War7
-
U476
-
Economic Changes11
-
U389
-
U3 STATS35
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UNIT 4d122
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U4 STATS36
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Historians3
-
Modern History Source Analyis Marking key11
