Unit 5

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

Large and usually polymers.

Question 2

What are the 4 main classes of biological large molecules?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Question 3

What is a polymer?

Answer 3

Multiple parts.

Question 4

What is a monomer?

Answer 4

One part.

Question 5

What is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 5

Synthesizes (makes) a polymer.

Question 6

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 6

Breaks down a polymer.

Question 7

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 7

Fuel and building materials.

Question 8

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

Question 9

What is glucose?

Answer 9

The most common monosaccharide (C6H12O6).

Question 10

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 10

By where the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups are.

Question 11

How are sugars classified?

Answer 11

By how many carbons it has in its backbone.

Question 12

What are common 6-carbon sugars?

Answer 12

Glucose, galactose, fructose.

Question 13

What are common 5-carbon sugars?

Answer 13

Ribose, ribulose.

Question 14

How do many sugars form in aqueous solutions?

Answer 14

They form rings.

Question 15

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 15

When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Question 16

What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?

Answer 16

Glycosidic bond.

Question 17

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 17

Many sugars together, usually for storage or structural elements.

Question 18

What is starch?

Answer 18

Storage glucose polymer for plants.

Question 19

What is glycogen?

Answer 19

Storage glucose polymer for animals.

Question 20

What is cellulose?

Answer 20

Storage glucose polymer, major component of cell walls.

Question 21

What are the ways to link rings together?

Answer 21

Alpha and beta.

Question 22

What is the alpha ring structure?

Answer 22

Below the ring.

Question 23

What is the beta ring structure?

Answer 23

Above the ring.

Question 24

What type of linkages does starch have?

Answer 24

Alpha linkages.

Question 25

What type of linkages does cellulose have?

Answer 25

Beta linkages.

Question 26

What is the most prevalent polymer on earth?

Answer 26

Cellulose.

Question 27

What can enzymes that digest starch not digest?

Answer 27

Beta linkages in cellulose.

Question 28

What is chitin?

Answer 28

Structural polymer found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi.

Question 29

What are lipids?

Answer 29

Do not form polymers, hydrophobic, mostly hydrocarbons.

Question 30

What are the 3 major classes of lipids?

Answer 30

Fats, phospholipids, steroids.

Question 31

What is a fat?

Answer 31

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone.

Question 32

What are saturated fatty acids?

Answer 32

Max number of hydrogen and no double bonds.

Question 33

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 33

Have cis double bonds.

Question 34

What is the main function of fats?

Answer 34

Energy storage.

Question 35

What are trans fatty acids?

Answer 35

Not made in nature, usually contribute to cardiovascular disease.

Question 36

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 36

Process of adding hydrogen to saturate a fat.

Question 37

What do phospholipids consist of?

Answer 37

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.

Question 38

What do phospholipids make?

Answer 38

Biological membranes.

Question 39

What are steroids?

Answer 39

Lipids with a carbon skeleton that has 4 fused rings.

Question 40

What is cholesterol?

Answer 40

Common steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes.

Question 41

What percentage of the dry mass of a cell do proteins account for?

Answer 41

50%.

Question 42

How are proteins classified?

Answer 42

By function.

Question 43

What are different types of proteins?

Answer 43

Enzymes, defense proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, structural proteins, motor proteins, receptor proteins, hormonal proteins.

Question 44

What do amino acids have?

Answer 44

Amino and carboxyl groups.

Question 45

How are amino acids distinguished?

Answer 45

By R groups (side chains).

Question 46

How many amino acids are in your body?

Answer 46

20.

Question 47

What are non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids?

Answer 47

Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline.

Question 48

What are polar, hydrophilic amino acids?

Answer 48

Threonine, cysteine, serine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine.

Question 49

What are electrically charged amino acids?

Answer 49

Acidic (aspartic and glutamic acid) and basic (lysine, arginine, histidine).

Question 50

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 50

The bond that links amino acids.

Question 51

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 51

Polymer of amino acids.

Question 52

What ends does each polypeptide have?

Answer 52

Amino end and a carboxyl end.

Question 53

What is the difference between a peptide and a protein?

Answer 53

Shorter chain of amino acids vs a longer one.

Question 54

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Answer 54

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

Question 55

What is primary structure?

Answer 55

Order of amino acids.

Question 56

What is secondary structure?

Answer 56

When the primary structure folds into an alpha-helix or beta-sheet.

Question 57

What does an alpha-helix look like?

Answer 57

Looks like a staircase.

Question 58

What does a beta-sheet look like?

Answer 58

Looks like a creased paper.

Question 59

What is tertiary structure?

Answer 59

How beta-sheets and alpha-helixes make a protein.

Question 60

What are disulfide bridges?

Answer 60

The only covalent bond that helps to reinforce the tertiary structure.

Question 61

What is quaternary structure?

Answer 61

When multiple polypeptides link together.

Question 62

What is x-ray diffraction/crystallography?

Answer 62

Shooting an x-ray through a crystallized protein and determining the scattered light pattern.

Question 63

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 63

Includes DNA and RNA.

Question 64

What does DNA make?

Answer 64

RNA makes protein.

Question 65

What are nucleic acids called?

Answer 65

Polymers called polynucleotides.

Question 66

What are nucleotides made of?

Answer 66

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group.

Question 67

What is uracil?

Answer 67

In RNA but not DNA; in DNA it is called thymine.

Question 68

What are purines?

Answer 68

Larger, adenine and guanine.

Question 69

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 69

Smaller, uracil/thymine/cytosine.

Question 70

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

Answer 70

Deoxyribose is missing an oxygen in an OH group.

Question 71

How are biological polymers synthesized?

Answer 71

Via dehydration.

Question 72

Which of the following is not a polymer: protein, cellulose, DNA, RNA, fatty acid?

Answer 72

Fatty acid.

Question 73

What type of sugar is a ketose?

Answer 73

A sugar with an internal carbonyl group.

Question 74

What is the most common 5-carbon sugar on the planet?

Answer 74

Ribose.

Question 75

Is amylose unbranched while glycogen is branched?

Answer 75

True.

Question 76

Is amylose in plants while glycogen is in animals?

Answer 76

True.

Question 77

Are glycogen and amylose made of different monomers?

Answer 77

False.

Question 78

Are amylose and glycogen both storage polysaccharides?

Answer 78

True.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid: fat, phospholipid, peptide, triglyceride, steroid?

Answer 79

Peptide.

Question 80

What properties does a trans fat have?

Answer 80

Unsaturation, a double bond, incomplete hydrogenation, a carbon-carbon backbone.

Question 81

How many charged amino acids are there?

Answer 81

5.

Question 82

How do rings in the R group of amino acids interact with water?

Answer 82

They hate water.

Question 83

Which amino acid is the most hydrophobic?

Answer 83

Tryptophan.

Question 84

Which amino acid has the side chain -CH2-SH?

Answer 84

Cysteine.

Question 85

Which amino acids contain sulfur?

Answer 85

Methionine and cysteine.

Question 86

Which type of protein structure is almost completely stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

Answer 86

Secondary structure.

Question 87

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

Answer 87

Nucleotides.

Question 88

How are the two strands of DNA held together?

Answer 88

By hydrogen bonds.

Question 89

What holds the backbones of DNA/RNA together?

Answer 89

Covalent bonds.

Question 90

What does the backbone sugar in RNA have that DNA does not?

Answer 90

An extra oxygen.

Question 91

Which part of DNA and RNA is charged?

Answer 91

The phosphate.

Question 92

Can you determine the percentage of all the bases in RNA from 1 base percentage like you can in DNA?

Answer 92

No.

Question 93

Which of the following is always charged: steroid, fat, phospholipid, triglyceride?

Answer 93

Phospholipid.

Question 94

What is the most common monosaccharide on the planet?

Answer 94

Glucose.

Question 95

Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by non-covalent bonds?

Answer 95

All levels except primary structure.

Question 96

Which nucleotide is found only in DNA and not RNA?

Answer 96

Thymine.

Question 97

Which of the following is NOT made up of glucose monomers: cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, chitin?

Answer 97

Chitin.