Unit 6

Question 1

What is cell theory?

Answer 1

All living things are made of cells; a cell is the smallest unit of life.

Question 2

Where are cells in the biological size range?

Answer 2

Cells are near the middle of the biological size range.

Question 3

What is light microscopy used for?

Answer 3

To see things that are smaller than cells, such as bacteria.

Question 4

What are the two types of electron microscopy?

Answer 4

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Question 5

What does scanning electron microscopy produce?

Answer 5

3D images by shooting electrons onto the surface of an object.

Question 6

What does transmission electron microscopy produce?

Answer 6

2D images by shooting electrons through an object.

Question 7

What is cell fractionation?

Answer 7

Separating out different parts of a cell by centrifugation at different speeds.

Question 8

What are the basic features of all cells?

Answer 8

Membrane-bound, interior fluid substance (cytoplasm), DNA, ribosomes.

Question 9

What characterizes prokaryotic cells?

Answer 9

No membrane-bound nucleus, smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells.

Question 10

What characterizes eukaryotic cells?

Answer 10

Membrane-bound nucleus, larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Question 11

What are unique features of plant cells?

Answer 11

Chloroplasts, large central vacuoles, cell walls.

Question 12

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 12

Most of the cell’s DNA, with some in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 13

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 13

The membrane around the nucleus, which is a double membrane.

Question 14

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 14

How things get in and out of the nucleus.

Question 15

What is the nuclear lamina?

Answer 15

The support system for the nucleus.

Question 16

What is chromatin?

Answer 16

A complex of protein and DNA.

Question 17

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 17

In the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.

Question 18

What are chromosomes?

Answer 18

Compacted chromatin.

Question 19

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 19

rRNA and protein; they carry out the synthesis of a protein.

Question 20

What are free ribosomes?

Answer 20

Ribosomes that float in the cytosol.

Question 21

What are bound ribosomes?

Answer 21

Ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 22

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 22

More than half the total membrane in the cell, continuous with the nuclear envelope.

Question 23

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

Answer 23

Smooth ER has no ribosomes; rough ER has ribosomes bound to it.

Question 24

What is the function of smooth ER?

Answer 24

Makes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, stores calcium ions.

Question 25

What is the function of rough ER?

Answer 25

Bound ribosomes make proteins, distributes transport vesicles, makes membranes.

Question 26

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 26

A protein attached to a carbohydrate.

Question 27

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 27

"Shipping center" made of flattened sacs called cisternae.

Question 28

What are vesicles?

Answer 28

Membrane-bound packages for the cell.

Question 29

What is the cis face of the Golgi?

Answer 29

The receiving side.

Question 30

What is the trans face of the Golgi?

Answer 30

The sending side.

Question 31

What is a lysosome?

Answer 31

A membrane vesicle that carries digestive enzymes.

Question 32

What are food vacuoles?

Answer 32

Formed by phagocytosis when the cell uses its membrane to form a vacuole.

Question 33

What is the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?

Answer 33

Vacuoles are bigger than vesicles.

Question 34

What are contractile vacuoles?

Answer 34

Pump excess water out of the cell.

Question 35

What do central vacuoles hold?

Answer 35

Organic compounds in water, usually in plant cells.

Question 36

What are membrane-bound organelles?

Answer 36

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes.

Question 37

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 37

Sites of cellular respiration/ATP production.

Question 38

What are cristae?

Answer 38

How the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded.

Question 39

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 39

Only in plants/algae, where photosynthesis occurs.

Question 40

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Answer 40

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once separate organisms that are now organelles.

Question 41

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 41

Oxidative organelles used in metabolism, with a single membrane.

Question 42

What are the two compartments of mitochondria?

Answer 42

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.

Question 43

What are the structures of chloroplasts?

Answer 43

Thylakoids (stacked into granum) and stroma.

Question 44

What is a granum?

Answer 44

Stacks of thylakoids.

Question 45

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 45

In the thylakoids.

Question 46

What is stroma?

Answer 46

Internal fluids of chloroplasts.

Question 47

What are redox reactions?

Answer 47

Performed by peroxisomes, produce hydrogen peroxide.

Question 48

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 48

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm.

Question 49

What are microtubules?

Answer 49

Thickest, made of alpha/beta tubulin, used for cell support and transport.

Question 50

What are microfilaments?

Answer 50

Thinnest, made of actin, double helix structure.

Question 51

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 51

In the middle, made of a variety of proteins coiled together.

Question 52

What are motor proteins?

Answer 52

Proteins powered by ATP that carry things down a microtubule.

Question 53

What are centrosomes?

Answer 53

Microtubule organizing centers made of pairs of centrioles.

Question 54

What are centrioles?

Answer 54

9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.

Question 55

What are cilia?

Answer 55

Hair-like structures to move the cell.

Question 56

What are flagella?

Answer 56

Tail or snake-like structures to move the cell.

Question 57

What are cilia and flagella made of?

Answer 57

Microtubules, anchored by a basal body.

Question 58

What is myosin?

Answer 58

A motor protein that creates muscle movement.

Question 59

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 59

Sending chemicals/vesicles around in a circular motion in the cell.

Question 60

What is actin?

Answer 60

The railway that myosin uses to move.

Question 61

What are extracellular structures?

Answer 61

Cell walls, extracellular matrix, intercellular junctions.

Question 62

What are cell walls made of?

Answer 62

Mostly cellulose.

Question 63

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

Answer 63

Glycoproteins such as collagen and proteoglycans.

Question 64

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 64

Support the cell, adhere to other cells, regulate what goes in and out.

Question 65

What are integrins?

Answer 65

Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.

Question 66

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 66

For plants, transports material between cells.

Question 67

What are gap junctions?

Answer 67

For animals, transports material between cells.

Question 68

What are tight junctions?

Answer 68

Hold cells together.

Question 69

What are desmosomes?

Answer 69

Hold cells together.

Question 70

What are cell junctions made of?

Answer 70

Proteins.

Question 71

What is the size range for biological entities?

Answer 71

Spans more than a billion-fold.

Question 72

What technique would you use to separate cell nuclei?

Answer 72

Cellular fractionation.

Question 73

What does a prokaryotic cell have?

Answer 73

Ribosomes.

Question 74

What maintains the shape of the nucleus?

Answer 74

The nuclear lamina.

Question 75

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 75

In all cells except peroxisomes.

Question 76

What are lysosomes similar to?

Answer 76

Little cellular stomachs filled with acid and digestive enzymes.

Question 77

What is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 77

The cell membrane, chloroplast thylakoids, mitochondrial cristae, Golgi apparatus.

Question 78

What is most similar to mitochondrial cristae?

Answer 78

Endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 79

Which of the following does NOT have a double membrane?

Answer 79

Peroxisome.

Question 80

What is most similar to the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 80

Chloroplast stroma.

Question 81

Where do many microtubules grow out from?

Answer 81

Centrioles.

Question 82

What is a motor protein?

Answer 82

Myosin.

Question 83

What allows molecules to pass between cells?

Answer 83

Gap junctions and plasmodesmata.

Question 84

What is the cell wall mostly made of?

Answer 84

Cellulose.

Question 85

Which structure is involved in lipid synthesis?

Answer 85

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 86

What is found in all cells?

Answer 86

Chromosomes.

Question 87

What is the best technique for isolating organelles?

Answer 87

Cell fractionation.

Question 88

Which of the following is NOT a membrane structure?

Answer 88

Matrix.

Question 89

What does myosin bind to?

Answer 89

Actin.

Question 90

Which of the following does NOT have a membrane?

Answer 90

Ribosome.