What are electrons and where are they found?
Negatively charged subatomic particles found outside the nucleus in orbitals (shells)
What does a Bohr model show? Be able to draw one for a given element.
bohr model shows the electrons in each shell around the nucleus
What is the Quantum Mechanical Model?
model where each orbital around nucleus resembles fuzzy cloud. densest area of cloud is where electrons are most likely to be
What are energy levels? How are they like a parking garage?
energy levels are the circles around nucleus
orbitals are like spots within the principal energy level with a unique number like a parking spot in a garage level
What are valence electrons? Be able to draw the Lewis Dot structure for a given element.
Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost energy level with the greatest energy
What are the four orbital (sublevel) types? Know the number of electrons each orbital can hold.
Sphere - 2 electrons, 1 view
Peanut- 6 electrons, 3 view
Double peanut- 10 electrons, 5 view
Flower- 14 electrons, 7 view
Pauli Exclusion Principle
max of 2 electrons can occupy single orbital but only if they spin opposite directions
Aufbau Principle
electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available
Hund’s Rule
Single electrons w/ same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons can occupy same energy level orbitals
Octet Rule
states atoms are most stable when they gave full outer shell (8 valence electrons)
Be able to complete an orbital filling diagram for a given element.
the one w/ arrows (diagram for electron config)
Be able to write the long-hand and short-hand (noble gas) configurations for given elements.
yay!
What is an electromagnetic wave and how does one begin?
type of wave consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. starts by a vibrating electric particle
What is the speed of light across space?
2.998 x 10^8 (3.0 x 10^8)
What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Know the order of the EMS and visible light spectrum.
provides range of all existing kinds of EM radiation
Lowest frequency to Highest
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible (ROY G BIV)
Ultraviolet
X rays
Gamma
How is the energy of an electromagnetic wave related to its frequency?
Direct relationship, higher frequency is equal to higher energy
Be able to calculate frequency and wavelength.
c = Yv
v = c/Y
Y = c/v
Know the difference between the different types of electromagnetic waves, including:
Where they are located on the electromagnetic spectrum
What they are used for (including examples of sources)
a- locations is the order
b-
radio waves- radio broadcasts
microwaves- phones, microwaves, radar
Infrared- source: sun, falmes, living things
visible- light people can see (colors)
UV- kill germs
Xrays- Scan insides
Gamma rays- cause/kill cancer
What is a transverse wave?
wave in which particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction that the wave travels.
Be able to calculate the frequency of a wave if given the wavelength and vice versa.
v = c/Y
Y = c/v
Be able to calculate the Energy of a wave if given the frequency and wavelength.
E = hv
E = h x (c/Y)
What are spectral lines? How can you use spectral lines to identify elements?
bright or dark lines in a spectrum, representing specific wavelengths of light emitted or absorbed by atoms/molecules during electron energy transitions
unique to one element because electrons jump up and amt of electrons are unique to one element
How can Spectroscopy help us analyze and identify an energy source?
analytical method that aims an energy source at a sample and measures the change in the energy source.
measuring how matter interacts with light (color), acting as a unique “fingerprint” for elements and molecules
Atomic orbital
regions around nucleus where electrons commonly are
