What was the enlightenment? What kind of movement was it?
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement, The focus was on “reason”. They were less willing to accept “that’s how its always been” as a reason. There was less focus on religion.
How did thinkers compare the enlightenment to the scientific revolution?
They saw themselves as the heir to the Scientific Revolution. The philosophers believed that they were continuing the work of 17th century thinkers. They believed that science could reveal human nature. And in revealing human nature, allow for better prediction and control.
Why would the enlightenment impact the power of the nobles? Of the Church?
Secular governments see their power increase while the Church’s power decreases. The Enlightenment proposed that there were better ways of governance rather than the absolute monarchies that were common in Europe.
What is “popular sovereignty”?
the principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives. more people began to support the idea of new types of governments. (democracy)
People power
What are some of the ways that the Enlightenment inspired America? Inspired France?
They realized there were better ways of governing and this helped spur rebellions.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft and what did she promote?
English writer who pushed for women’s rights. Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792) as a response to critics who said women shouldn’t receive a rational education. Regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers.
What were the Three Estates?
refers to the system of social hierarchy which was found in Europe in the Middle Ages. It consisted of the clergy First Estate; the nobility Second Estate; and the peasantry Third Estate.
Why were people upset with the government in France?
France was in debt, there was inequality. The success of the American Revolution inspired the French Revolution.
What was the Reign of Terror?
a period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794, marked by extreme political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution. Began by executing the former King of France, and his wife, Marie Antoinette.
Killing
How was Haiti inspired by the French Revolution? What was significant about their response?
Inspired by the principles of liberty and equality from the French revolution. The revolution was a big slave revolt.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Why does it start there and not somewhere else in Europe?
started in Great Britain because it had all the needed “Factors of Production”. Land, capitol, labor, waterways, iron, and coal
What are Cottage Industries?
When most things were built/made in the home. People would be paid by the item completed. Work was not always steady or consistent.
What is the Enclosure Movement? What was its impact on the Industrial Revolution?
Many smaller farms/public areas were purchased and combined into large farms. The owners would then divide the land with fencing. People would now have to pay rent to farm and enclosed section
Explain the “Factors of Production”. Why are they important?
Land, capitol, labor, rivers and streams to power machines, iron to make machines, and coal to heat the iron
What are the main industries during the first Industrial Revolution? During the Second Industrial Revolution?
First: textile industry, iron and steel production
Second: chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery.
What is the standard of living? How is it affected by the Industrial Revolution?
Is the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area. The Industrial revolution raised this.
How is the Middle Class impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
The middle class emerged from the industrial revolution
Who is Adam Smith? Why is he important?
wrote about capitalism, replaced old belief of mercantilism. often referred to as the ‘Father of Economics’ and wrote “The Wealth of Nations.”
What is Laissez-Faire?
Leave alone
Free market capitalism, The idea was to have markets regulated by the government as little as possible. This could lead to great wealth, but also great abuse by business owners.
Gov as minial inteference with the markets
What are the main ideas of capitalism?
private property rights, competition, and consumer choice
What is Utilitarianism? Who came up with it?
John Stuart Mill came up with it, it is Doing “the greatest good for the greatest number of people.”
What is socialism? How is it different from communism?
“social ownership of the means of production” Ownership could be public, collective, or cooperative. government had control over businesses, but WASN’T total control like communism.
What does Karl Marx claim the history of society is?
a history of class warfare
What are labor unions?
organized groups of workers who come together to collectively negotiate for better wages, working conditions, and benefits.
