What were the four justification of imperialism? Explain them in your own words.
a. Nationalism - viewing your country as the best; the desire to see your country be better than all the others.
b. Social Darwinism - peoples are subject to the same laws of natural selection as plants/animals (survival of the fittest).
c. The “Civilizing Mission - indigenous peoples in developing parts of the world (Africa, Asia) were not as civilized or advanced as Europeans.
d. Religious Conversion - converting indigenous people to Christianity.
What did some countries do to strengthen their control of their colonies?
In some instances, colonies that had been run by non-state groups will be taken over by the government.
What was “settler colonialism”? What made it extreme?
Form of Imperialism, Settlers would arrive and take the land/resources from indigenous people.
Which countries expanded their influence in the Pacific Ocean region? Which countries saw their influence diminish?
Some were existing states who were moving into new territory, like the British and French. Some were new states just starting to create overseas empires, like USA and Germany. Also, Japan began expanding as it had newly industrialized. As Europe, USA, and Japan extend their influence in the Pacific, countries like Spain and Portugal see their influence diminish.
Who was Tupac Amaru II? What did he do?
The Incan/Peruvans did not like the changes being forced by the Spanish. Tupac Amaru led a peasant rebellion that had creole support at first. When it became too violent, the creoles withdrew their support. He was eventually captured and executed for the rebellion.
Who was Yaa Asantewaa? What did she do?
fought against the British in Ashanti, Yaa was the second-highest official in the land. The Ashanti tried to resist British rule, so the British exiled the king. Yaa Asantewaa led an army against the British that included women. This invigorated the men and challenged gender roles. She was eventually captured and exiled by the British.
What were the Zulu known for?
They refused to accept British rule and fought them off for a while
What was the Berlin Conference? What was its purpose?
Conference between European countries. The purpose was to settle rival colonial claims.
What was the principle of effectivity? How did this relate to Africa?
It was created to To prevent nations from creating colonies “in name only”. Countries had to fly their flag there; draw up treaties with local chiefs; administer and police the territory; and make economic use of the colony. If a country didn’t do these things, another country could take over This new principle effectively sped up the process of colonization in Africa.
How did Manifest Destiny play a part in imperialism? For which country?
The United states expanding west.
What happened when Russia started expanding? What happened when Japan did?
Russia started expanding into Central Asia and Poland. This put them at odds with the Ottoman Empire and various local nationalist groups.
Japan expanded into Taiwan, Korea, and the Liaodong Peninsula in China. This led to the first Sino-Japanese War
What happened in the Ottoman Empire due to anti-imperial resistance?
New states in the Balkans as Greece and Romania broke away from the Ottomans.
What was Samory Toure known for?
the founder of the Wassoulou Empire (West Africa), They resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898. His ability as a military commander and a negotiator were critical to the long resistance
What did Yaa Asantewaa accomplish?
Fought against the British and challenged gender roles.
What did the Xhosa do? What was the outcome of their actions?
the Xhosa people of South Africa were resisting British expansion. A prophetess, Nongqawuse, claimed that if they killed their own cattle and burned their crops, their ancestors would return and drive out the British. Ultimately this led to widespread starvation 40,000 Xhosa deaths.
Who was the “Mahdi”? What did they do?
In Sudan, Muhammad Ali claimed to be Mahdi (“the guided one”). invaded Sudan and took control.
Egyptian rule over Sudan was rather strict and led to some rebellions. Eventually the British got involved to protect their interests in the region. The British suffer heavy losses early on but eventually returned and defeated the Mahdist state and extending their control along the Nile River.
What was the Sepoy Rebellion? What was the result of this rebellion?
Sepoy was an Indian soldier. Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company started to rebel against British Control. Local leaders began to support the sepoys as they rebelled against the company.
The British government sent the military in to stop the rebellion and restore control. Afterwards, the government took back the company’s charter and made India a “crown colony”
What are “commodities” and why were they important to businesses?
raw material or primary agricultural product that could be bought and sold in large quantities. These commodities would be turned into finished goods. There was a push for colonies to export more of these to benefit the empires.
What are export economies?
They specialized in extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. These raw materials would be sold to the European countries for their factories. Profits from these raw materials would be spent on finished goods from the factories.
What is economic imperialism? Where was it mostly found?
using political pressure to produce advantages for investors. (mostly in Asia and Latin America).
What were the Opium wars really about?
Britain wanted the right to sell opium with China but China didn’t want them to because the Opium harmed their citizens. Britain won the first opium war and this allowed them to set up special trading rights in China
What did the British do in Buenos Aires? Why?
The British helped to build the port of Buenos Aires to make it easier to ship goods to and from Europe.
How did technology affect migration? What did it contribute to?
New modes of transportation were created which increased migration to cities. They also allowed for migrants to return home periodically or permanently.
Why did the British invest in the Suez Canal?
This was to help shipping goods between Europe and Asia.
