What is dominate in the early first year? Reflexes or voluntary movements?
Reflexs
What happens after first year
higher brain centers gain control and voluntary movement increases
What are the three categories of voluntary movement of infants
What are examples of each
- Stability - head control, upright posture, standing
- Locomotion - creeping, crawling, walking
- Manipulation - reaching, grasping, releasing
Cephalo causdal can effect what three things
- Head control
- Upper body control
- Lower body control
Stages of stability in head control (5)
Voluntary movement begins in head
1st month = Control by end
Month 2 = infant elevates head when prone
Month 2-3 = infant positions head from left to right to left when prone
Month 5 = infant elevates head when supine (laying down)
What is seen in stability in body control (4)
- Chest elevation
- Segmented rolling back to front
- Crawling
- Ability to maintain upright posture frees the hand and arms for reaching and grasping
Stages of stability in body control (7) - months
3 months = Tries to roll from supine to prone; maintains sitting position
5 months = Sits when holding external support
6 months = Rolls from supine to prone position; maintains stand with help
7 months = Achieves sit from prone or supine
8 months = Sits alone; rolls from prone to supine
9 - 10 months = Pulls self to stand
12 months = Stand unassisted
Locomotion prone is (4)
- Creeping
- Crawling
- Inefficient, highly variable arm and leg movements intended to propel the body forward
- Body is dragged
Creeping is
- Can be Contralateral or homolateral pattern
- Efficient form of prone locomotion
- Body is elevated
What is contralateral
Contralateral = left arm right leg, right arm left leg
What is homolateral
Homolateral = left arm left leg, right arm right leg
Locomotion upright is
Stages are of upright locomotion is… (6)
Walking
7 months = Crawls with slight trunk elevation; occasional forward movement
7-8 months = Initial crawling
8 months = Walks with considerable assistance
10 months = Walks laterally around
11 months = Walks when led
12 months = Walks unassisted
What is Manipulation (3)
Definition…
Reaching
Grasping
Releasing
Use of the hands enables children to gather information about their environment
What is early manipulation
reflexive
Manipulation Phase 1 (4)
- Simultaneous reaching and grasping
- One handed reaching
- Visual initiation of reach
- Visual control of grasp
Manipulation Phase 2 (4)
- Differentiated reaching and grasping
- Two-handed reaching
- Visual initiation and guidance of the reach
- Tactile control of grasp
Stages of manipulation
Birth = Phase 1 reaching
1 month = Phase 1 reaching disappears
4 months = Phase 1 reaching reappears
4-5 months = Unable to receive multiple toys
5-6 months = Thumb used to oppose fingers in grasping
6 months = Receives two toys while storing one in other hand
6-8 months = Receives two toys while storing one in other hand
