What are the parathyroid glands
Four smallest glands in the body found embedded in thyroid gland
What does the parathyroid gland produce?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the parathyroid hormone opposed to?
Calcitonin
What does the parathyroid gland do
Réabsorption level by stimulating
-release calcium from bones
-réabsorption of calcium in GI tract and in kidneys
Where are the adrenal glands
Located on top of each kidneys
What does the outer layer (correct) or adrenal glands do?
Produces aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones in response to ACTH from pituitary
What does the inner layer (medulla) of adrenal glands do?
Produces epinephrine in response to the sympathetic nervous system
What are some effects of stress in the short term?
-heart rate & blood pressure increase
-blood flow to heart and muscles increases
-breathing rate increases
-blood glucose rises
-rate of cellular metabolism increases
What are long term effects of stress
-kidney absorbs sodium ions and water, blood volume and pressure increase
-protein and fat metabolism, increasing glucose
-inflammation is reduced and immune cells suppressed
What does aldosterone do?
Increases the movement of Na out of the kidney (urine) back into the blood creating and osmotic pull
What does the function of aldosterone result to
Increases blood pressure by increasing water retention
What does addisons disease do
Increased salty urine production
What does the cortisol do
-responds to long term stress
what does the cortisol reduce
reduces inflammation and inreases levels of amino acis in the blood; which are converted to glucose
what does epineprine respond to
short term stress (fight or flight)
what does epinephrine target
muscles and liver to convert glycogen into glucose
-increases blood to muscles
where is the pancreas located
below the stomach
what kind of gland is the pancreas
excorine and endocrine gland
what does the pancreas contain
specialized cells known as the islets of langerhans
what do the islets of langerhans secrete
insulin and glucagon
what does insulin do
decreases blood glucose levels by making the cells more permeable to glucose
what does insulin increase
the conversion of glucose into glycogen in liver
what is glucagon
-antagonistic to insulin
-increases blood glucose levels
how does glucagon increase blood glucose levels
by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
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Unit A Part 141
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Unit A part 257
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Unit A part 321
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Unit A part 4 (eye)47
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Unit A Prt 5 (ear)51
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Unit A(2) Part 1 Endocrine System43
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Unit A (2) Part 235
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Unit B Reproduction47
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Unit B Reproduction Part 260
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Unit B Part 352
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Unit C Molecular Biology44
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Unit C Molecular Biology Part 245
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Unit C Molecular Bio Part 319
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Unit C2 Part1 molecular bio44
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UNIT C2 part 256
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Unit C2 Part 323
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Unit C22 Patterns And Processes47
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Unit C22 Part 249
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Unit C22 Part 335
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Unit D Population Dynamics46
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Unit D population dynamics part 250
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Unit D Part 317
