Unit D Population Dynamics

Question 1

What is a population

Answer 1

Same species, same place, same time

Question 2

What is a gene pool

Answer 2

All the alleles in a population (dominant or recessive)

Question 3

What is the gene pool used for?

Answer 3

To calculate genotyping and allele frequency

Question 4

What is the hardy Weinberg principle

Answer 4

If all other factors remain constant the gene pool will remain constant, generation after generation

Question 5

What is genetic equilibrium

Answer 5

state where allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation

Question 6

What does the hardy winberg equation calculate

Answer 6

What a non evolving frequency on traits in a population should be

Question 7

How do we know micro evolution is occurring

Answer 7

If what we see in population is different than the H-W equation

Question 8

What is the HW equation

Answer 8

P^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 9

What does evolution mean

Answer 9

Equilibrium has been upset (change is happening)

Question 10

what conditions does hardy winberg use to maintain no change in gene pool

Answer 10

-large populations
-random mating (no selective breeding)
-No mutations
-No migration (immigration or emmigration of genes)
-No natural selection (equal viablity, fertility and mating ability of all genotypes)

Question 11

what are the 4 causes of gene pool change

Answer 11

1. mutations
2. gene flow
3. genetic drift
4. natural selection

Question 12

what is mutation

Answer 12

DNA change during meiosis

Question 13

what is gene mutation

Answer 13

rearrangment of DNA base pairs (new gentic code: sickle cell, cystic fribrosis, Tay-Sachs)

Question 14

what does mutation affect in the general

Answer 14

effects the status quo and promotes evolution/change

Question 15

when do mutations occur?

Answer 15

In each generation, although they are rare events

Question 16

what causes mutations and why might they not appear right away?

Answer 16

They can be caused by teratogens, and they may be masked for several generations

Question 17

what effects can mutations have?

Answer 17

mutations can be beneficial (pool variation) and bad as they can be harmful to individuals

Question 18

what is gene flow?

Answer 18

net movment of alleles from one population to another.
-increases genetic diversity

Question 19

what is non-random mating

Answer 19

individuals choose mates based on certain traits, making mating unpredicatble by chance but not necessarily providing a selective advantage

Question 20

what is inbreeding

Answer 20

self-fertilization

Question 21

why is random mating unlikely

Answer 21

because organisms choose partners based on preffered phenotypes

Question 22

in evolution, What is genetic drift

Answer 22

change in allele frequency in a breeding population due to random events

Question 23

what is a result of genetic drifts

Answer 23

small populations may lose certain alleles (lack of mates or chance events will have a greater impact on small groups)

Question 24

what are some chance events that produce change within populations

Answer 24

-predation
-disease
-migration

Question 25

in genetic drift, what is the founder effect

Answer 25

a population (gene pool) that is formed by a small group of individuals (founders), that carry a limited representation of the original populations genes.

Question 26

in genetic drift, what is the bottleneck effect?

Answer 26

quick reduction in population causes a bottleneck, surviving population produces less variant offspring.

Question 27

what are some ways populations reduce quickly?

Answer 27

-starvation -disease -human activities -natural disasters

Question 28

within evoltuion, what is natural selection

Answer 28

some indidviduals are better able to survive and reproduce than others, therefor their offspring will carry successful genes

Question 29

what are some examples of natural selection

Answer 29

-selective advantages -sexual selection -heterozygous advantage

Question 30

what is population size?

Answer 30

number of organisms (same species, same place, same time)

Question 31

what is population density (Dp)

Answer 31

number of individuals in a defined area or volume

Question 32

what is the equation for population density (Dp)

Answer 32

Dp=N/A or Dp=N/V

Question 33

what does v stand for the in Dp equation

Answer 33

volume

Question 34

what does the N stand for in the Dp equation

Answer 34

number of organisms

Question 35

what does the A stand for in the Dp equation

Answer 35

Area

Question 36

how are population patterns determined

Answer 36

by type of organism and resources

Question 37

what is a Random population dispersion

Answer 37

no order, no attraction or repulsion among members (lots of resources)

Question 38

what is uniform population dispersion

Answer 38

when indivdiuals in a population are evenly spaced

Question 39

why does uniform distribution occur naturally

Answer 39

because individuals compete for resources like water, nutrients, light or space

Question 40

how do animals show uniform distribution

Answer 40

territorial animals space themselves evenly to reduce competition

Question 41

how do humans create uniform distribution

Answer 41

by planting crops in orchards or fields, spaced evenly for efficiency

Question 42

what is clumped populatin dispersion

Answer 42

when indidviduals are grouped in patches rather than spread evenly

Question 43

why does clumped distribution occur

Answer 43

because individuals get advantages from being close together, like access to resources or easier asexual reproduction

Question 44

give a natural example of clumped distribution

Answer 44

animals gathering around a watering pole

Question 45

give a plant-related example of clump distribution

Answer 45

plants growing in clusters due to asexual reproduction.

Question 46

why do asexual reproducing individuals often show clumped population dispersion

Answer 46

because offspring are produced near the parent in a favourable spot, creating groups