What is Sociology?
Sociology is the study of human social behaviour, and includes the examination of the origins, institutions
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology consists of the study of humanity
List the Factors that affect behaviour
- Heredity which is affected by genes
- Environment
Environment consists of the conditions and forces that surround and influence an organism
These two constantly interact
What is the definition of personality
Personality can be defined as the ‘dynamic organisation within the individual of the psychological systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought
What is the definition of attitude
Predetermined set of responses, built up as a result of experience of similar situations
List the factors that are known to affect the changing attitudes of individuals or groups
- individual : intelligence, opinion, education
- attitude currently held: group norms,skills
- situation: group situation
- management example
- company culture
- Publicity: positive and negative propaganda in getting across the safety message
What is aptitude
Aptitude is a measure of how appropriate a persons actions are. In a health and safety sense, this can be evident when somebody who knows everything there is to know regarding health and safety takes an inappropriate course of action when faced with making a decision
What is the definition toon of motivation
In psychology, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour.
Motivation is having the encouragement to do something
What is psychology?
The study of human behavior
List the key theories in motivation
- Frederick Winslow Taylor
- Mayo
- Maslow
List the principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory on motivation
Taylor had four basic principles of management:
- The development of a true science of work
- The scientific selection and progressive development of the worker
- The bringing together of the science of work and scientifically selected and trained men
- The constant and intimate co-operation of management and men
Describe Mayo’s theory of motivation
Elton Mayo believed that workers are not just concerned with money, but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work
Explain motivation according to Maslow
Each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. The Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all.
It states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most
obvious needs for survival itself
What are Contemporary Theories of motivation
Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation
List the contemporary theories of motivation
- Expectancy theory
- Equity Theory
- Goal-Setting Theory
- Reinforcement Theory
- Hertzberg two factor theory
- DC McClelland Three needs theory
- D. McGregor theory X and Y
List 4 Motivation and re-Enforcement methods
- Workplace incentive schemes
- Reward schemes
- Job satisfaction: Factors which lead to job satisfaction (motivators) / Factors which lead to the absence of dissatisfaction (hygiene)
- Appraisal systems: Way of finding out what problems exists within a workplace and give the opportunity for improvement
What is Behavioural Safety Schemes
Behavioral safety techniques seek to improve health and safety risk control by promoting behaviours critical to health and safety
Typically behaviour-based safety systems consist of:
- Identification of behaviours which could contribute to or have contributed to accidents
- A system of ongoing observations (as identified and defined) and feedback (intervention);
- Use of the information to identify corrective actions
List the key features of a BBS system
- Define ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ behaviour.
- All involve observation of behaviour in the workplace.
- By managers and/or peers.
- With/without targets
- Provide feedback.
- Reinforce safe behaviour.
- re-educate’ unsafe behaviour.
- Feedback ranges from on-the-spot specific feedback and discussion, to impersonalised general data.
Organisational Factors
A number of organisational factors have been found to be associated with good safety performance:
- Effective communication
- Learning organisation
- External pressures - pressures from outside the organisation including a buoyant financial state of
the organisation, and the impact of regulatory bodies
-Job satisfaction - Workforce composition
What is the influence of formal groups within the organization
Formal organizations are established to achieve goals,aims and objectives. They have clearly defined rules structures and channels of communication
What is the influence of informal groups within the organization
The ‘grapevine’ emerges from social and personal interests of the employees rather than formal requirements of the organisation. Informal communication is inherent and a necessary aspect of
organisation life
List and explain the Types of organizational communication
- Vertical
May flow upwards or downwards - although communication flowing upwards tends to be less than that flowing down - Horizontal
Channeled between departments and within department - inward
- outward
Conflict will occur in an organization because of:
- Personality clashes
- Poor communication
- Conflicting interest
- Lack of leadership and control
