Unit One - First Humans

Question 1

Stone Age

Answer 1

• period of 2.5 million to 5000 years ago
• kinship-based
• hunting and gathering

Question 2

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 2

• 8000 B.C.E.
• development of metal and stone tools
• domestication of animals and plants = pastoralism and agriculture

Question 3

pastoralism

Answer 3

branch of agriculture concerned with raising livestock

Question 4

agriculture

Answer 4

the practice of farming

Question 5

metallurgy

Answer 5

the branch of science concerned with studying metals

Question 6

civilization

Answer 6

a sedentary society capable of agricultural production, city-building, and political organization

Question 7

first civilizations (four + rivers)

Answer 7

• between 3500 and 2000 B.C.E.
• Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates)
• Egypt (Nile)
• Indus Cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Indus River)
• Shang China (Yellow River or Huang He)

Question 8

Olmecs

Answer 8

• ancient Central American civilization
• polytheistic
• large trade network
• human sacrifice

Question 9

Chavin

Answer 9

• ancient Andean civilization
• difficult mountain terrain
• internal trade
• polytheistic

Question 10

Paleolithic Era

Answer 10

• early Stone Age

* hunting and gathering

Question 11

Neolithic Era

Answer 11

• recent Stone Age

* agriculture and pastoralism

Question 12

irrigation

Answer 12

the artificial application of water to land and soil

Question 13

ancestor veneration

Answer 13

philosophy where it is believed that the dead have a continued presence

Question 14

shamanism

Answer 14

philosophy where shamans act as intermediaries between the dead and the living

Question 15

animism

Answer 15

philosophy where it is believed that all beings have souls

Question 16

polytheism

Answer 16

belief in multiple gods

Question 17

cuneiform

Answer 17

ancient Mesopotamian form of writing and record-keeping

Question 18

hieroglyphs

Answer 18

ancient Egyptian form of writing and record-keeping

Question 19

Vedism

Answer 19

religion of ancient Indo-European peoples

Question 20

quipu

Answer 20

ancient Andean form of record-keeping by the use of knotted strings

Question 21

Homer(us)

Answer 21

Greek author of epic poems and the first known European literature - the Iliad and the Odyssey

Question 22

early technologies

Answer 22

pottery, hoes and plows, textiles, wheels, calendars, metallurgy, horse-riding, chariots, bows and arrows

Question 23

monarchy

Answer 23

rule by a single leader

Question 24

oligarchy

Answer 24

rule by a small elite

Question 25

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 25

Babylonian code of law

Question 26

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 26

belief that rulers are given the right to rule by a higher power, therefore they should be respected as near-divine

Question 27

early trade networks

Answer 27

Egyptian-Nubian, Mesopotamian-Indus, Phoenician

Question 28

patriarchy

Answer 28

male-dominated social structure

Question 29

egalitarian

Answer 29

social structure built on equality

Question 30

homo sapiens

Answer 30

the human species

Question 31

Bering land bridge

Answer 31

connected span of land that allowed peoples to migrate to the Americas

Question 32

kinship groups

Answer 32

clusters of extended family to form bands and tribes

Question 33

nomadic

Answer 33

groups that move to follow game or seasonal patterns

Question 34

Mesopotamian groups

Answer 34

Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites

Question 35

ziggurat

Answer 35

a Mesopotamian temple

Question 36

pharoah

Answer 36

a monarch of Egypt thought to be an incarnation of the sun god

Question 37

pictographs

Answer 37

Chinese system of writing

Question 38

feudalism

Answer 38

a form of leadership in which a weak monarch governs multiple decentralized and militarized political units

Question 39

Shang dynasty

Answer 39

* first Chinese dynasty * led by warrior aristocracy * expanded through conquest

Question 40

Zhou dynasty

Answer 40

* second Chinese dynasty | * feudalistic dynasty

Question 41

bureaucracy

Answer 41

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

Question 42

Hebrews

Answer 42

developed first monotheistic religion - Judaism

Question 43

Phoenicians

Answer 43

* Mediterranean group * Syria and Lebanon * trade * created alphabet

Question 44

Hyksos

Answer 44

people who conquered Egypt

Question 45

slavery

Answer 45

the most common form of forced labor

Question 46

indentured servitude / debt slavery

Answer 46

labor as a form of repayment for a debt

Question 47

Zoroastrianism

Answer 47

* ancient, monotheistic, Iranian religion * founder = Zoroaster * belief in cosmic struggle of Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman

Question 48

Judaism

Answer 48

* created by Hebrews * first monotheistic faith * holy text = Torah * holy land = Canaan

Question 49

dreamtime

Answer 49

ancient Aboriginal belief that every landform was created for a reason

Question 50

San of Southern Africa

Answer 50

* egalitarian * small, mobile groups * ate from the land

Question 51

Chumash of Southern California

Answer 51

* complex society * inequality (chiefs as political leaders) * skill specialization * ate from the sea * currency

Question 52

Paleolithic rock art

Answer 52

cave art during the Paleolithic times

Question 53

Venus figurines

Answer 53

female figurines found in Europe

Question 54

Clovis culture

Answer 54

the first clearly-defined and widespread culture of the Americas

Question 55

extinction

Answer 55

arrival of homo sapiens brings extinction of some plants and animals as well as other hominids (Neanderthals)

Question 56

trance dance

Answer 56

shaman method of reaching the impersonal force running throughout natural order

Question 57

"insulting the meat"

Answer 57

San method of maintaining equality by insulting a hunter's kills so that he remains modest

Question 58

Brotherhood of the Tomol

Answer 58

a group of Chumash boat builders that invented the tomol (a type of canoe) and formed an elite craft guild

Question 59

Norte Chico

Answer 59

ancient Peruvian society

Question 60

Uruk

Answer 60

ancient city of Sumer

Question 61

Epic of Gilgamesh

Answer 61

Mesopotamian epic poem

Question 62

Bantu migration

Answer 62

spread of the Bantu peoples through Africa

Question 63

chiefdom

Answer 63

societies ruled by chiefs

Question 64

Fertile Crescent

Answer 64

arable region in Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia)

Question 65

diffusion

Answer 65

the spread of something more widely

Question 66

Ice Age

Answer 66

a time of extreme cold that is unsuitable for agriculture