UNIT TEST: category 2

Question 1

Function of carbohydrates in cell/body

Answer 1

• Supply energy to cells
• Used in plant wall cells
• Make up human cell membrane
• Primary source or energy

Question 2

Function of protiens in cell/body

Answer 2

• Catalyze chemical reactions
• Create cell shape and organization
• Provide energy
• Help body repair cells

Question 3

Function of lipids in cell/body

Answer 3

• Part of cell membrane
• Help move, store energy, absorb vitamines, make hormones
• Protect organs

Question 4

Function of nucleic acid in cell/body

Answer 4

• Contains genetic information

Question 5

Monomer, polymer, function groups, type of bonding, polarity of carbohydrates

Answer 5

Monomer: Glucose
Polymer: Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Function groups: Carbonyl and hydroxyl
Type of bonding: Glycosidic bonds
Polarity: polar (negitively charged end, hydrophillic)

Question 6

Monomer, polymer, function groups, type of bonding, polarity of lipids

Answer 6

Monomer: Glycerol and fatty acids
Polymer: Trigylcerides, phospholipids, waxes, steriods
Function groups: Hydroxyl and carboxyl
Type of bonding: Ester bonds
Polarity: polar (amino acids have +/- charged ends)

Question 7

Monomer, polymer, function groups, type of bonding, polarity of nucleic acids

Answer 7

Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Nucleic acid
Function groups: Phosphate
Type of bonding: Phosphodiester bonds
Polarity: polar (neigitvly charged due to O)

Question 8

What are ester bonds?

Answer 8

• Bond that forms between oxygen and carbon atoms
• Joins acids and alcohols together
• Creates a water byproduct

Question 9

What are ether bonds?

Answer 9

• Oxygen molecule bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups
• Found in carbohydrates

Question 10

Monomer, polymer, function groups, type of bonding, polarity of protiens

Answer 10

Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: Polypeptides
Function groups: Amino and carboxyl
Type of bonding: Peptide bonds
Polarity: polar (amino has + end, carboxyl has - end)

Question 11

What are gycosidic bonds?

Answer 11

• Formation between H- group and -OH group
• Releases water and links sugar units together
• Forms polysaccharide

Question 12

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 12

• Bond created when carboxyl group of one molec and amino group of another molec react
• Releases water
• Found in protines

Question 13

What are phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 13

• Link between 3’ C atom of one sugar molec and 5’ C atom of another
• Joins two sugar molecules to form polynucleotides

Question 14

Catalytic cycle

Answer 14

1. Enzyme available with energy active site
2. Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit
3. Substrate is converted to products
4. Products are released

Question 15

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Answer 15

1) Temperature: Heat - assistive kinesthetic energy can denature the enzyme
2)pH: Alters ionization of peptides
3)Enzyme and substrate concentration: Saturation Level - max rate at which enzymes can combine with substrate

Question 16

How do enzymes and substrates interact?

Answer 16

Introduced fit model: Enzymes arent rigid and active site changes before binding substrate

Question 17

What are cofactors and coenzymes

Answer 17

Cofactors: organic molecs that help enzymes
Coenzymes: ions that help enzymes

Question 18

What are enzyme inhibiters vs activators?

Answer 18

Inhibiters: molecs that decrease activity of enzyme
Activators: molecs that increase activity of enzyme

Question 19

Types of enzyme inhibiters?

Answer 19

Competetive inhibition - molecule competes for an ezyme active site and slows down its action
Non competetive inhibtion:
1) Allosteric regulation - non competive inhibter binds to allosteric site and changes shape of active site so it no longer accepts substrates
2) Feedback inhibiton - product of biochem reaction, acts as allosteric inhiber for pathway that produced it

Question 20

Types of enzyme activators?

Answer 20

Allosteric regulation - activators bind to alosteric site and increase enzyme activity

Question 21

What are REDOX reactions?

Answer 21

• Reaction involving the transfer of electrons

Question 22

What are hydrolisis reaction

Answer 22

• Reaction using water
  Ex. A - B + H20

Question 23

What are hydrolisis reactions?

Answer 23

• Reaction using water

Question 24

What are condensation reactions?

Answer 24

• Reaction that produces water

Question 25

What is a neutrilization reaction

Answer 25

- An acid + base converting to a salt + water

Question 26

What is the structure of cell membrane?

Answer 26

- Phospholidis on outside and inside with polar head facing out and non-polar tailes facing in - Phospholipid bilayer making up cell membrane - Intergral membrane protiens, periphreptheral membrane protiens, protien chanels, cholestorl, glucoprotien. lipids and cytoskeletal filaments inside cell

Question 27

Cell membrane - what are protien channels used for

Answer 27

For protien to travel in and out of the cell

Question 28

Cell membrane - what is the differences between intergral and perifpreferal protiens?

Answer 28

Integral is inside of the cell, perifpreferal is outside of the cell.

Question 29

Cell membrane - What is the difference between glycoprotiens and glycolipids

Answer 29

Glycoprotiens are attatched to perifpreferal protiens, glycolipids are attatched to phospholipids

Question 30

What is the difference between active vs passive transport?

Answer 30

- Active transport uses ATP and goes [low] to [high], secondary - Passive transport doesn't use ATP and goes [high] to [low], primary

Question 31

What are the two types of passive transport?

Answer 31

1. Diffusion (movement of solutes) 2. Osmosis (movement of water)

Question 32

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 32

Molecule using energy transfers through the protien channel, out of the cell, and returns brining in another molecule. 2nd molecule does not use energy to enter the cell but the first molecule uses energy to get the second molec. - Think groceries example

Question 33

What determines the fluidity of membranes?

Answer 33

- Unsaturated fatty acid tails increase fluidity: unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks - Saturated fatty acids decrease fluidity: saturated hydrocarbon tails

Question 34

What is endocytosis vs exocytisis?

Answer 34

Endocytosis: process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulphing it in the cell membrane and brining in into the cell Exocytosis: process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their conents outside the cell

Question 35

What is osmosis?

Answer 35

Where water molecules pass through semipermeable membrane

Question 36

What are the three tonic states of osmosis?

Answer 36

1. Hypertonic - higher solute concentration compared to intracellular salute concentration 2. Hypotonic - lower solute concentration compared to intracellular salute concentration 3. Isotonic - same solute concentration compared to intracellular calute concentration

Question 37

Name and draw the five functional groups

Answer 37

Check notes

Question 38

Why do we care about the functional groups inside macromolecules?

Answer 38

Functional groups are responsible for generating bonds between monomers and create polymers.

Question 39

What functional groups are in carbohydrates, and how does this effect the polarity?

Answer 39

Functional Groups: Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Polarity: Polar and negitvly charged due to OH groups

Question 40

What functional groups are in protiens, and how does this effect the polarity?

Answer 40

Functional groups: amino and carboxyl Polarity: Polar as amino as a (+) charged end and carboxyl has a (-) chaged end

Question 41

What functional groups are in lipids, and how does this effect the polarity?

Answer 41

Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carboxyl Polarity: non polar as electrons are equally shared by hydroxyl and carboxyl

Question 42

What functional groups are in nucliec acids, and how does this effect the polarity?

Answer 42

Functional groups: phosphate Polarity: Polar molecules due to negitivly charged end on phosphate