Gross Anatomy 1 > UPPER EXTREMITY LOS > Flashcards

UPPER EXTREMITY LOS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles?

A

Extrinsic muscles connect the trunk to the upper extremity, while intrinsic muscles maintain posture and move the spine.

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2
Q

List the intermediate extrinsic back muscles.

A
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
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3
Q

List the intrinsic back muscles and their innervations (seg)

A

-Splenius mus (capitis/cervicis) & erector spinae mus (spinales, longissumus, iliocostalis)
- Transversospinales (semispin cap/cerv/thora), multifidus, rotatores(brevis/longi)
- Interspinales & intertransversarii

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4
Q

Identify the following highlighted structure? Why is it important? What attaches there?

A

spinous process of the C7, an easily palpated bump at the base of neck. Also known as Vertebra Prominens

A: Nuchal Lig, Trapezius mus, Semi-spinales capitis mus, Multifidus mus, Spinales mus

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5
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Dermatomes are areas of skin that are mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve root.

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6
Q

What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?

A

Acromion

A: Deltoid mus, Trapezius Mus, AC ligs, CC ligs

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7
Q

What actions and innervations should be named for the scapular muscles?

A

Name the actions and innervations including common spinal cord segments from the Structure Information List.

Extrinsic:
**-Trapezius (CN XI, 3-4 sensory)
- Romboids (Dorsal scap C4-5)
- Levator Scapulae (Dorsal Scap C4-5)
- Pec Minor (Pectoral C5-T1)
- Serratus Anterior (Long thoracic C5-7) **

Intrinsic:
**- Rotator Cuff muscles (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis)
- Teres Major (lower subscap C5/6)
- Deltoid (Axillary C5/6) **

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8
Q

What are the neurovascular tracts associated with the scapula?

A

Describe the location and contents of quadrangular space, medial border of scapula, and scapular notch.

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9
Q

What are the differences between shoulder separation and shoulder dislocation?

A

Separation = AC joint dysfunctions

Dislocations = Displacement of humeral head

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10
Q

What is the subacromial space?

A

area located in the shoulder, between the acromion and the humeral head.

It’s a critical space that houses the rotator cuff tendons and the subacromial bursa.

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11
Q

What neurovascular structures might be injured by a fracture at the medial border of the scapula?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve & Suprascap (N)
Transverse scap (A) & Suprascap (A)

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12
Q

What is the function of the bursae in the scapular region?

A

Reduce friction between scapula and thoracic rib cage as arm moves

between rotator cuff tendons and acromion

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13
Q

What are the bony landmarks for the muscles of the arm?

A
  • Greater tubercle of humerus
  • Lesser tubercle of humerus
  • Intertubercular (bicipital) groove
  • Lateral & Medial Epicondyles (distal hum)
  • Coracoid process of scapula
  • Clavicle
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14
Q

What are the boundaries and contents of the axilla?

A

Boundaries: 1st rib/clavicle to scapula, thoracic wall, and humerus

Contents: Axillary VAL & Cords of Brachial Plexus

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15
Q

What are the common spinal cord segments present in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1
RTDCB –> MARMU (Musculo, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar)
C –> (1)lateral pec, (2)upper and lower subscapular,thoracodorsal (3) medial pec, medial brachialcutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous
R(C5) –> dorsal scap, supra scap, subclavius, long thoracic

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16
Q

What are the functions of the axons in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

sensory, motor, postgang symp.

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17
Q

How are spinal nerves named as they exit the vertebral column?

A

Cervical = nerves exit ABOVE (reason for 8 cervical nerves)
Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral = nerves correspond to region and exit BELOW

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18
Q

What does a drawing of the brachial plexus help locate?

A

Locate a point that a single lesion would explain patient findings (sensory and motor deficits).

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19
Q

What are the neurovascular tracts associated with the arm? (triangles of the arm)

*these tracts move things posteriorly

A

triangular space (lateral and inferior to quadrangular space)
-boundaries: long head of triceps brachii, posterior border of teres major, humerus bone
-contents: Radial (N) & Profunda Brachii (A)

triceps hiatus (medial triangular space)
-boundaries: Superior border of teres major, inferior border of teres minor, medial border of long head triceps brachii
-contents: Circumflex scap (A)

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20
Q

What are the fascial compartments of the anterior and posterior arm?

A

Anterior/ Elbow and Shoulder Flexors: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis

NN: Musculo.
Blood supply: Brachial (A)

Posterior/ Elbow Extensors: Triceps Brachii

NN: Radial
Blood supply: brachial & profunda

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21
Q

What is the most common direction of shoulder dislocation?

A

Anteriorly, due to forced abduction and external rotation (FOOSH’ing)

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22
Q

What neurovascular structures might be injured by a fracture at the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Axillary (N) and posterior circumflex humeral (A) due to proximity to the surgical neck.
Can result in impaired shoulder abduction (deltoid & teres minor)

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23
Q

What are the bony landmarks for the muscles of the forearm?

A
  • Medial and Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • Olecranon (prominal end of the ulna)
  • Radial styloid process
  • Ulnar Coronoid process
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24
Q

What are the joints of the elbow?

A
  • Humeroulnar
  • Humeroradial
  • Proximal radialulnar
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25
What are the functions and attachments of the ligaments of the elbow?
- Ulnar (valgus) and Radial (varus) collaterals - Anular (stabilize RU joint) - Interosseous Membrane
26
What is the function of the bursae at the elbow?
Fluid filled sacs reduce friction between skin and boney olecranon process at elbow.
27
What injuries relate to anatomical structures at the elbow?
Radial head subluxation - displacement of radial head from annular ligament (most commo in toddlers due to loose and developing bone structure) Olecranon bursitis - bursa is inflammed, results in pain, swelling, tenderness
28
What are the fascial compartments of the anterior forearm? Innervation?
Flexors of the the wrist Superficial = FDS, Pronator teres, Palmaris Longus, FCR, FCU Deep = FPL, Flexor digitorum profundus, Pronator Quadratus NN: Median (N) **Except for FDP (2 nns) and FCU which have Ulnar nn**
29
What neurovascular structures might be injured by a fracture at the medial epicondyle of the *humerus*? (Think medial arm nerves)
Median Nerve = hand of benediction (loss of sensation and motor control of 5 and 4 digit) Ulnar Nerves = Claw
30
What are the bony landmarks for the muscles of the wrist and hand?
- Unlar & Radial Styloid processes - She Looks Too Pretty (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform) - Hook of Hamate (palmar side) - Metacarpals
31
What are the joints of the wrist?
- Distoradial-ulnar - Radiocarpal - Carpometacarpal - Metacarpophalan.
32
What are the functions and attachments of the ligaments of the wrist?
- Tranverse Carpal (prevent bowstringing) - Collateral Ligs of metacarpophalan. (stabilize metacarp joints)
33
List the carpal bones. Hint: Try to catch her, she looks too pretty
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
34
What is the function of the transverse carpal ligament?
Forms roof of carpal tunnel Attaches radial (Trapezium and Scaphoid) to Ulnar (Hamate and Pisiform) Median (N) can be compressed in this tunnel
35
What compartments are formed by the extensor retinaculum?
6 compartments
36
What muscles attach to the extensor mechanism?
Extrinsic: ED, EI, EDM, EPL, EPB, AB-PL Intrinsic: Lumbricals, Interossei (doral and palmar),
37
What are the boundaries and contents of the anatomical snuffbox?
Boundaries: Extensor Pollicis brevis & longus Mus, Trapezius and Scaphoid Bones Contents: Radial (A) and Superfic Radial (N) on top of bones.
38
What is this bony landmark? What muscles attach here?
Occipital Protuberence A: Nuchal lig / Trapezius Mus
39
What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?
Medial border A: Levator Scapulae mus, Rhomboids mus, Serratus Anterior Mus (entire length, v thin)
40
What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?
Superior Angle of Scapula A: Levator Scapula mus
41
What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?
Coracoid process of Scapula A: Pec minor mus, Coracobrachialis mus, Short head Biceps brachii
42
What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?
Lateral Border A: Teres Major and Minor
43
What is this scapular bony landmarks and what attaches here?
Inferior Angle A: Teres major, Latissimus Dorsi, Serratus anterior
44
What is this joint? What does it facilitate?
Acromioclavicular Joint (AC) -acromion end of scapula and distal end of clavicle - enables pectoral girdle to follow movements of the shoulder - synovial plane joint - CORACOCLAVICULAR LIG strong stabilizer of AC joint. prevents superior dislocation of AC joint
45
What is this joint? What does it facilitate?
Glenohumeral Joint (GH) - ball and socket, most mobile joint in human body - Stabilized by rotator cuff muscles, travs humeral, coracohumeral, and glenohumeral ligs - Allows for wide range of movement of humerus and shoulder gridle
46
List the structural components of a typical vertebra and describe their function.
Components include: * Body - supports weight * Vertebral arch - protects spinal cord * Spinous process - attachment for muscles * Transverse processes - attachment for muscles * Articular processes - facilitate joint movement ## Footnote Each component plays a crucial role in the overall function and stability of the spine.
47
Discuss the changes in vertebrae with advancing age.
Changes include: * Decreased bone density * Osteophyte formation * Disc degeneration * Increased curvature (kyphosis) ## Footnote These changes can lead to reduced mobility and increased risk of fractures.
48
Summarize the development of spinal curvatures.
Development includes: * Primary curves - thoracic and sacral present at birth * Secondary curves - cervical develops as infant lifts head, lumbar develops as child sits and walks ## Footnote Proper curvature is essential for balance and weight distribution.
49
Define terminology for abnormal curvature of the spine.
Terminology includes: * Kyphosis - excessive thoracic curvature * Lordosis - excessive lumbar curvature * Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine ## Footnote These conditions can affect posture and lead to discomfort.
50
Describe the components of the intervertebral disc.
Components include: * Nucleus pulposus - gel-like center * Annulus fibrosus - outer fibrous ring * Cartilaginous end plates - interface with vertebrae ## Footnote The intervertebral disc acts as a cushion and allows for movement between vertebrae.
51
Describe posterolateral herniation of the intervertebral disc.
Occurs when: * Nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus fibrosus * Typically affects nerve roots in the lumbar region ## Footnote This condition can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs.
52
List the six ligaments of the spine and describe the motions they limit.
Ligaments include: * Anterior longitudinal ligament - limits extension * Posterior longitudinal ligament - limits flexion * Ligamentum flavum - limits flexion * Interspinous ligaments - limits flexion * Supraspinous ligament - limits flexion * Iliolumbar ligament - limits lateral flexion ## Footnote These ligaments provide stability and prevent excessive movement.
53
Discuss the structure of the ligamentum nuchae and its function.
Structure is: * A fibrous membrane extending from the external occipital protuberance to C7 Function: * Supports the head and neck * Serves as an attachment for muscles ## Footnote The ligamentum nuchae helps maintain posture and stability.
54
List the six primary movements of the spine and discuss how the amount of motion differs between regions of the spine.
Movements include: * Flexion * Extension * Lateral flexion * Rotation * Axial rotation * Circumduction Amount of motion varies: * Cervical - most mobile * Thoracic - limited due to rib attachments * Lumbar - moderate mobility ## Footnote Understanding these movements is crucial for spinal health and rehabilitation.
55
Describe the organization, attachments, and innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back.
Organization includes: * Extrinsic muscles - superficial, involved in limb movement * Intrinsic muscles - deep, maintain posture and move the spine Attachments vary by muscle group, and innervation is primarily from spinal nerves ## Footnote These muscles work together to support the spine and facilitate movement.
56
Describe the meningeal covering of the spinal cord.
Meningeal layers include: * Dura mater - outermost, tough layer * Arachnoid mater - middle, web-like layer * Pia mater - innermost, delicate layer adhering to the spinal cord ## Footnote These layers protect the spinal cord and contain cerebrospinal fluid.
57
Describe the structural changes and clinical findings of spinal stenosis.
Structural changes include: * Narrowing of the spinal canal * Thickening of ligaments * Disc degeneration Clinical findings: * Pain * Numbness * Weakness * Difficulty walking ## Footnote Spinal stenosis can lead to significant impairment and requires management.
58
What is the location and contents of the quadrangular space?
Located in the shoulder region, it contains the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery. ## Footnote The quadrangular space is bordered by the teres minor, teres major, long head of the triceps, and the humerus.
59
What is the location and contents of the medial border of the scapula?
The medial border of the scapula runs parallel to the spine and serves as an attachment point for muscles such as the rhomboids and serratus anterior. ## Footnote It is essential for scapular stability and movement.
60
What is the location and contents of the scapular notch?
Located on the superior border of the scapula, it contains the suprascapular nerve and the suprascapular artery. ## Footnote The notch is converted into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular ligament.
61
What is a shoulder separation?
An injury that occurs at the acromioclavicular joint, often involving the acromioclavicular ligament and the coracoclavicular ligaments. ## Footnote It usually results from a fall or direct impact to the shoulder.
62
What is a shoulder dislocation?
An injury where the head of the humerus is displaced from the glenoid cavity of the scapula. ## Footnote It often occurs due to trauma or excessive force applied to the shoulder.
63
What is the location and contents of the subacromial space?
Located beneath the acromion and above the humeral head, it contains the subacromial bursa and the supraspinatus tendon. ## Footnote This space is important for shoulder movement and can be involved in impingement syndromes.
64
Result of Long Thoracic nerve injury
Scapular winging due to dysfunctional serratus anterior superior muscle
65
What is the result of a dorsal scapular nerve injury?
Scapular winging, abnormal movement and weakness in the rhomboids and levator scapulae muscles. Inhibited scapular retraction and elevation
Gross Anatomy 1
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