1
Q
Describe the shoulder (region, name, bones)
A
region: neck to arm
name: shoulder
bones: pectoral girdle - clavicle and scapula
2
Q
Describe the arm (region, name, bones)
A
region: shoulder to forearm
name: brachium
bones: humerus
3
Q
Describe the forearm (region, name, bones)
A
region: arm to hand
name: antebrachium
bones: radius and ulna
4
Q
Describe the hand (region, name, bones)
A
region: wrist to distal
name: manus - wrist, hand proper, phalanges
bones: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges/digits
5
Q
List the bones involved in the pectoral/shoulder girdle
A
sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus
6
Q
General function of clavicle
A
transmits force to the axial skeleton; projects the UL laterally
7
Q
general function of the scapula
A
shoulder movement; lots of muscle attachment
8
Q
general functions of the sternum
A
receives energy from the clavicle
9
Q
four articulations of the shoulder region
A
sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, scapulothoracic joint, glenohumeral joint (the shoulder joint SAGS without these joints)
10
Q
location of the sternoclavicular joint
A
between sternum and clavicle
11
Q
classification of the sternoclavicular joint
A
multiaxial - saddle
12
Q
movements of the sternoclavicular joint
A
not much movement due to ligaments
13
Q
location of the acromioclavicular joint
A
between scapula and clavicle
14
Q
classification of the acromioclavicular joint
A
synovial - gliding
15
Q
movement of the acromioclavicular joint
A
no defined movement
16
Q
location of the scapulothoracic joint
A
scapula and thoracic
17
Q
classification of the scapulothoracic joint
A
not really an articulation
18
Q
movements of the scapulothoracic joint
A
protraction and retraction, elevation and depression, upward and downward rotation
19
Q
location of the glenohumeral joint
A
between the head of the humerus and scapula
20
Q
classificiation of the glenohumeral joint
A
multiaxial - ball and socket
21
Q
movements of the glenohumeral joint
A
flexion and extension, rotation, ab/adduction
22
Q
describe the glenohumeral joint in terms of structure
A
1/3 of the head of humerus lies in this joint so there is increased ROM but decreases stability
23
Q
how is there stability in the glenohumeral joint
A
glenoid labrum increases stability without sacrificing ROM
24
Q
describe the glenohumeral joint in terms of strength
A
joint capsules allow lots of movement but decreased strength, so rotator cuff muscles provide the strength
25
differences between the shoulder joint and hip joint
Most of the head of the femur is in the acetabulum to prioritize stability and weight bearing, whereas in a shoulder joint, only ⅓ of the head of the humerus is in the socket, so it pops out easier and is less stable but more movement can occur
26
axiohumeral muscles
pectoralis major (clavicular and sternal head) and latissimus dorsi
27
axioscapular muscles
pectoralis minor, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior
28
scapulohumeral muscles
deltoid (clavicular head, acromial head, spinal head) and teres major
29
info of pectoral and shoulder muscles
make a chart (attachments, actions, innervation)
30
muscles of the rotator cuff
teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis
31
effect of rotator cuff muscles on the glenohumeral joint
they are the strength of the shoulder joint
32
boundaries of the axilla
anterior border - pectoralis major/minor
medial border - serratus anterior posterior border - subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
33
contents of the axilla
brachial plexus, axillary artery and vein, lymphatics, fat
34
neurovascular bundle in the axilla
brachial plexus, axillary artery, axillary vein
35
define the breast
mammary glands packed in fat; suspended by fibrous ligament; covered in skin
36
describe the difference between the breast and mammary gland
breast is the whole thing from ribs to nipple, and mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk and are an accessory reproductive organ in females
37
structure of the breast
draw it out
38
3 risk factors for breast cancer
genetics, age, lifestyle
39
2-3 types of breast cancer screening
biopsy, breast exam, mammogram
40
describe fibrocystic changes
normal changes in breast tissue
41
how can breast cancer spread to the axilla, opposite breast, or lungs
cancer cells are usually found in the URQ breast and most of the extracellular fluid drains into the axillary lymph, causing carcinomas to drain into the subclavian veins, and so on. some cancer cells can drain via parasternal lymph into the thorax to lungs too
42
general function of the humerus
muscle attachment, mobility in SJ, force transfer
43
Brachial plexus
draw it out
44
ventral rami/roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
C5/C6/C7/C8/T1, superior/middle/inferior, anterior/posterior, lateral/posterior/medial, branches
45
terminal nerves of the brachial plexus
radial, musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar
46
area of responsibility for radial nerve
posterior arm and posterior/lateral forearm
47
area of responsibility for musculocutaneous nerve
anterior arm
48
area of responsibility for median nerve
anterior forearm and thumb
49
area of responsibility for ulnar nerve
hand and adductor thumb muscle
50
area of responsibility for axillary nerve
deltoids and teres minor
51
paralysis
loss of all voluntary motor function
52
paresis
weakness in voluntary movement
53
parasthesia
pins and needles
54
anaesthesia
complete loss of sensation
55
nerve damage to roots/close to midline
widespread paresis
56
nerve damage away from midline
localized paresis
57
nerve damage to anterior division
anterior UL affected
58
nerve damage to posterior divison
posterior UL affected
59
collateral circulation
Collateral circulation is vessels that are on each side of a joint or bone compared to the one running down the middle to keep blood flow going in the case of impingement
60
anastomoses
The anastomoses are where the vessels connect with each other the side; this can be between 2 arteries, 2 veins, or an artery and a vein
61
List the origins of the arterial supply to the upper limb
draw it out
62
List the major arterial vessels of the upper limb
Subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery
63
Subclavian artery branches
internal thoracic aa, vertebral aa, thyrocervical trunk aa
64
what do internal thoracic arteries supply
anterior thoracic wall
65
what do vertebral arteries supply
brain
66
what do thyrocervical arteries supply
cervical viscera and scapular muscles
67
Axillary artery branches
thoracoacromial trunk aa, subscapular aa, lateral thoracic aa
68
what do thoracoacromial trunk arteries supply
deltoids and pectoralis muscles
69
what do lateral thoracic arteries supply
serratus anterior
70
what do subscapular arteries supply
scapular muscles and posterior shoulder
71
Brachial artery branches
deep brachial aa, radial aa, ulnar aa
72
what do deep brachial arteries supply
entire arm
73
what do radial arteries supply
posterior and lateral forearm
74
what do ulnar arteries supply
anterior and medial forearm
75
Describe the differences between deep and superficial veins
Deep veins are named for the arteries they accompany
and superficial veins have unique names and begin on the dorsum of the hand
76
What are vena comitantes
An arrangement in deep veins where two veins surround an artery, so the pressure of the artery pushes the blood in the veins back to the heart
77
List the major superficial veins of the upper limb
cephalic veins, basilic veins, median cubital veins
78
cephalic vein destination
runs laterally throughout forearm and arm before emptying into axillary vein
79
basilic vein destination
runs medially before joining brachial vein at which point it becomes axillary vein
80
median cubital vein destination
runs anterior and connects basilic and cephalic vein around the elbow
81
What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein
it's where you get blood drawn or IVs placed
82
sub-articulations of the elbow joint
between ulna and trochlea, between radius and capitulum, between radius and ulna
83
true elbow joint
articulations between:
- ulna and trochlea
- radius and capitulum
84
what kind of joint is the elbow joint and what are the actions
synovial joint - flexion and extension
85
Describe the collateral ligaments of the elbow
There's a pair of these collateral ligaments that hold the true elbow jt together: ulnar collateral lig and radial collateral lig
86
what causes the elbow to project laterally
the collateral ligaments of the elbow
87
what does ulnar collateral ligament prevent
abduction
88
what does radial collateral ligament prevent
adduction
89
what nerve crosses the elbow joint
ulnar nerve at the medial condyle
90
tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis
91
describe the proximal radioulnar joint
synovial - pivot joint
92
actions of the radioulnar joints
pronation and supination
93
what muscles do pronation and supination
muscles that attach at the radius
94
What is the annular ligament
A ring-like ligament that wraps around the radius that the radial collateral ligament attaches to, to allow movement of the radius
95
bones involved in supination and pronation
radius, ulna, and humerus
96
joints involved in supination and pronation
distal and proximal radioulnar joints
97
other than bones and joints, what else is involved in pronation and supination
ulnar and radial collateral ligaments and annular ligament
98
anterior compartment of the arm muscles (deep to superficial)
brachialis, corobrachialis, biceps brachii
99
general nerve innervation of anterior compartment of arm muscles
musculocutaneous (she's a girl that loves some biceps)
100
posterior compartment of the arm muscle(s)
triceps brachii
101
general nerve innervation of posterior compartment of arm muscles
radial nerve (does most extensors)
102
Chart of arm muscles with attachments, actions, and nerve supply
draw out
103
Describe the distal radioulnar articulation
where the radius and ulna articulate distally
104
what is one characteristic about the distal radioulnar articulation
force isn't transferred here
105
what is the wrist articulation
radiocarpal joint
106
where does the radiocarpal joint occur
between the radius and scaphoid/lunate bone - but mostly the scaphoid
107
what is typical of the scaphoid bone
it is commonly broken because most force is transferred here
108
what kind of joint is the radiocarpal joint
synovial - biaxial
109
actions of the radiocarpal joint
flexion/extension and ab/adduction
110
where does the radius typically break and why
in pronation because force isn't transferred well to the ulna via interosseous membrane
111
what is the order of force transfer from the scaphoid
scaphoid --> distal radius --> interosseous membrane --> proximal ulna --> humerus and so on
112
what type of joints are the intercarpal joints
synovial - multiaxial (no defined axis of motion)
113
what do the intercarpal joints do
increase ROM with flex/ext and ab/adduction
114
Describe the carpometacarpal joints for metacarpals 2-5
synovial - nonaxial (gliding)
115
one characteristic of the intercarpal joints
they all share a common joint capsule
116
one characteristic of the carpometacarpal joints
they share a joint capsule with the intercarpal joints
117
Describe the carpometacarpal joints for metacarpal 1
synovial - multiaxial (saddle joint)
118
actions of the carpometacarpal joint for metacarpal 1
flex/ext, ab/adduction, rotation, opposition
119
Describe the metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2-5
synovial - biaxial
120
actions of metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2-5
flex/ext, ab/adduction
121
Describe the metacarpophalangeal joints for digit 1
synovial - uniaxial
122
actions of metacarpophalangeal joints for digit 1
flexion and extension
123
Describe the interphalangeal joints for digits 2-5
biaxial and has both proximal AND distal interphalageal joints
124
Describe the interphalangeal joint for digit 1
uniaxial and only has one IP joint
125
Describe the articulation between the trapezium and the 1st metacarpal
saddle joint which allows us to do opposition
126
Describe the movements of the thumb
flex/ext, ab/adduction, rotation, opposition
127
what is the retinacula found in the forearm
deep fascia that acts as a pulley and holds tendons in place
128
purpose of the extensor retinacula
prevents bow stringing
129
two types of flexor retinacula
proximal and distal
130
describe the proximal flexor retinacula
continuous with the extensor retinacula
131
distal flexor retinacula functions
ties carpal bones together, creates a fibrosseous tunnel for tendons and median nerve, and hand intrinsics attach/arise here
132
carpal tunnel
what is the fibrosseous tunnel that the distal flexor retinacula forms called
133
what is carpal tunnel defined as (not the syndrome)
bones on posterior side + fascia on anterior side
134
muscles that act on the forearm
brachioradialis, pronator teres, supinator, pronator quadratus
135
where do muscles that act on the forearm attach
radius because it causes it to "rotate"
136
attachment, innervation, and action of muscles that act on forearm
make list/chart
137
muscles that act on the wrist
flexors - flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus; extensors - extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis AND longus
138
attachment, innervation, and action of muscles that act on wrist
make chart
139
general A attachment for mm that act on wrist and digits 1-5 (flexors)
medial epicondyle (no exceptions)
140
general innervation for mm that act on the wrist and digits 1-5 (flexors) and what is the exception
median nerve (flex. carpi ulnaris is ulnar nerve and flex. digitorum profundus is 1/2 ulnar, 1/2 median)
141
general A attachment for mm that act on wrist and digits 2-5 (extensors)
lateral epicondyle
142
general innervation for mm that act on the wrist and digits 1-5 (extensors)
radial nerve (sits posterior)
143
muscles that act on digits 2-5
flexor digitorum superficialis AND profundus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis
144
what is the dorsal expansion
B attachment for many hand intrinsic; runs from metacarpal to middle phalanx and around the sides of the bone
145
attachment, innervation, and action of muscles that act on digits 2-5
make a chart
146
muscles that act on digit 1
abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis longus
147
attachment, innervation, and action of muscles that act on digit 1
make chart
148
general attachment of thenar muscles of the hand (and the exception)
distal flexor retinaculum (adductor pollicis attaches at metacarpal 2 and 3)
149
general innervation of thenar muscles of the hand (and the exception)
median nerve (except for adductor pollicis which is ulnar nerve)
150
attachments, actions, and innervations of thenar muscles of the hand
draw it out
151
general attachment of hypothenar muscles of the hand
flexor retinaculum
152
general innervation for hypothenar muscles of the hand
ulnar nerve
153
attachments, actions, and innervations of hypothenar muscles of the hand
draw it out
154
how many lumbricals
4
155
A attachment for lumbricals
tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
156
B attachment for lumbricals
dorsal expansion
157
actions of the lumbricals
ab/adduction depending on the digit
158
innervation of the lumbricals
1/2 median, 1/2 ulnar (thumb side = median n; pinkie side = ulnar n)
159
how many interossei
3 palmar and 4 dorsal
160
action of palmar interossei
adduction
161
action of dorsal interossei
abduction
162
innervation of interossei
ulnar nerve
163
exception to ulnar innervation of interossei
radial nerve is at the base of the dorsal interossei by the thumb
164
attachments, actions, and innervations of interossei
make a chart
165
"real" function of the interossei and lumbricals
the flex the MPs and extend the IPs which balances the forces of the extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum profundus at the IPs
166
Describe "synergistic action" of the muscles in #3 in terms of "pure" wrist movement
Muscles with opposing action will cancel each other out so the only action that will occur is the action that both muscles do the same of (flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnar both adduct, but the flexion and extension oppose each other, so it just adducts)
167
What is meant by "ulnar deviation" and "radial deviation"
Radial deviation - abduction; Ulnar deviation - adduction
BMS 301 Lecture
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
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