Urban Form

Question 1

Urban Form

Answer 1

This refers to the physical characteristics of built up areas including shape, size density, and make up of settlements

Question 2

Town Centre Mixed Developments

Answer 2

This is the redevelopment of Central Business Districts to blend residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and industrial land uses. They promote 24/7 land use

Question 3

Cultural and Heritage quarters

Answer 3

These are parts of the city which develop a cultural or heritage quarter to encourage growth and revitalise the local eco Bon in the arts and creative industries

Question 4

Fortress Developments

Answer 4

These are urban areas which have a strong focus on security and use walls, guarded entrances and security firms to defend a residential or business area. They are based on the ideas of ‘Defensible Space’

Question 5

Gentrified Areas

Answer 5

An area of a town or city - often in the inner city - which has been regenerated by individual people or groups of people

Question 6

Edge cities

Answer 6

Modern suburban areas which act as alternative central business district - including shops, offices and entertainment. They are characteristic of low density suburbanisation as in the USA

Question 7

Post-modern western city

Answer 7

This is an urban form associated with changes in urban structure - multi-nodal, iconic and futuristic architectural design and planning and reflects changes social and economic conditions. E.g. ethnic and cultural diversity and post-industrial economies

Question 8

Social Segregation

Answer 8

This refers to when different groups are separate from each other, e.g. poorer people are concentrated in a specific area of a city

Question 9

Economic Inequality

Answer 9

This refers to the range in wealth and / or deprivation within society

Question 10

Multiculturalism

Answer 10

This refers to a society which recognises values and promotes the contributions of diverse cultural heritages and ancestries of various groups

Question 11

Point of Entry

Answer 11

Usual a transport hub, railway, airport or port, where immigrants entry the destination country.

Question 12

Urban Morphology

Answer 12

Spatial structure or form and organisation of an urban area. How it is laid out - its pattern of land use

Question 13

Physical and human factors affecting land use

Answer 13

Topography, water and natural resources
Planning, infrastructure and land value

Question 14

Peak land value intersection

Answer 14

Point with the highest land value and from it, land prices decline in line with the theory of distance decay.

Question 15

Why does social segregation occur

Answer 15

May be areas of city where housing is more expensive and so only certain people may live there.
Ethnic dimension - in past some groups may have suffered from discrimination in the job market

Question 16

Issues caused by economic inequality

Answer 16

Higher crime rates
Political / social unrest
Health issues

Question 17

IMD

Answer 17

Official measure of deprivation in England
Measured by domains - largest being income and employment (22.5%) - significant impact on other indicators
Important because it helps national and local government decide what areas they need to target their resources towards

Question 18

Circle of poverty

Answer 18

Child grows up in poverty - disadvantage in education and skills - struggle to get a job - fail to escape poverty cycle - family in poverty

Question 19

Strategies to reduce economic inequality

Answer 19

Upgrading programmes for squatter settlements
Affordable housing
Subsidy - businesses encouraged to take on people with less qualifications
Increase minimum wage - stabilise wage inequalities
Public transport - access to jobs in inner city

Question 20

Why do immigrants move to urban areas

Answer 20

Greater range of employment
First point of entry Into the country
House earlier immigrant groups of same ethnicity

Question 21

How has globalisation contributed to cultural diversity

Answer 21

Increasing movement around the world, making it common for people from around the world live in different areas

Question 22

Diaspora

Answer 22

Large group of people who have similar heritage / homeland and have settled somewhere else in the world

Question 23

Pros and cons of cultural diversity

Answer 23

+ can enrich a city’s character and increase tolerance between people
+ cultural events can attract tourists - boosts the economy
+ greater exposure to different foods, music, languages and religion
- tensions between different groups can lead to violence
- minority communities can feel isolated and under-represented politically
- hospitals may need to cater for specific illnesses

Question 24

Tackling negative issues of ethnic segregation

Answer 24

Interculturalism - promoting interactions between different cultural groups
Legislation on anti-racism , employment rights
Encourage greater political involvement of different cultural groups Legislation- providing a voice for people who feel under-represented

Question 25

Managing social and economic issues in Leeds

Answer 25

Affordable housing - 2023/4 over 4400 homes built, only 650 were affordable, not enough, would need 1230. E.g. lilac living - affordable and environmentally sustainable Education - closing gap strategy supports vulnerable children, channel 4 content creative programme helping people gain employable skills, supports low-income households in breaking out of the cycle of poverty but only small scale offering about 10 places at once Improving transport systems - allows people to access jobs, education, people, places earlier. 2000 new park and ride spaces, reduced bus journeys, over 200 zero emission buses. £270 million transport investment. Reduces carbon emissions - hs2 cancelled reducing connectivity between north and south

Question 26

Managing social and economic issues in Rio

Answer 26

Affordable housing - favela bairro project helped over 250,000 - 500,000 residents. New services, reduction in crime, employment, pacifying favela - drive out criminal gangs (moves problem?) improve quality of life Education - volunteers help in school. Letmespeak- ‘Learn and Earn’ programme - improved English language skills, 100 completed but children can stop school at 14 so success is limited Improving transport systems - cable car reduced travel from 2 hours to 16 minutes (complexo do Alemao) locals free return. Access to higher paid jobs, closed in 2016 after it broke, money could have been spent elsewhere