A-Level Geography > Urbanisation > Flashcards

Urbanisation Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Megacity

A

A city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people.

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2
Q

Metacity

A

A conurbation with more than 20 million

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3
Q

Million City

A

A city with a population of more than 1 million people

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4
Q

Natural Increase

A

This is measured as birth rate minus death rate per 1000 per year

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5
Q

Pull Factor

A

Reasons why people are attracted to an area. Positive things

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6
Q

Push Factor

A

Reasons why people move away from an area. Negative things

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7
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas

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8
Q

Urban growth

A

An increase in the number of urban dwellers

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9
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities. 2 main causes: natural increase and rural to urban migration

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10
Q

Greenfield Site

A

This is an area which has not previously been built on - often in the rural urban fringe

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11
Q

Ribbon Development

A

This is urban growth, and the expansion of suburbs, along routes into the CBD

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12
Q

Suburbanisation

A

This is the movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and increase in car ownership. It results in spread of the urban area.

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13
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. This happens if there are o planning controls

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14
Q

Counter Urbanisation

A

This is the movement of people from urban areas into smaller urban areas or rural areas, leap-frogging the rural-urban fringe

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15
Q

Rural-urban fringe

A

This is the area beyond the built up area of the town or city

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16
Q

Suburbanised village

A

This is a village, in commuting distance, which receives newcomers as a result of counter-urbanisation. It shares some of the characteristics of the suburbs

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17
Q

“Dead-Heart” Syndrome

A

This is the result of loss of manufacturing and retailing from the “Downtown” areas of cities which leave a “dead heart”

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18
Q

Gentrification

A

This is the process by which individuals, or groups of individuals, buy and renovate properties, often in more rundown areas. This is fuelled by wealthier individuals

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19
Q

Urban Resurgence

A

This is the economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline. This can be initiated by redevelopment schemes

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20
Q

Bottom Up

A

When local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs

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21
Q

Regeneration

A

Policies directed at tackling social, economic, physical and environmental problems within urban areas

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22
Q

Top down

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A

When the decision to undertake projects or developments is made by a central authority such as government with little or no consultation with the local people whom it will affect

23
Q

Urban Policy

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A

Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

24
Q

World City

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A

An urban area that has influence over the whole world. They act as global centres for finance, trade, business, politics and culture. Financial and political influence are considered most significant in world city status

25
Decentralisation
The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas. The term may encompass the process of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation
26
Deindustrialisation
This refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th century
27
Quaternary sector
The sector of the economy where knowledge or ideas are the main output, such as advertising, computer programming am software design
28
Service / Tertiary Sector
The sector of the economy concerned with providing services
29
Urban Policies with examples
Property-Led Initiatives 1979-1991 London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) 1981 Partnership Schemes 1991-1997 Hulme City Challenge Partnership, Manchester Area-Based Initiatives 1997-2000s Devonport Regeneration Company, Plymouth
30
Aims of Property-Led Initiatives
Boards to spend money on buying land, building infrastructure and marketing to attract private investment
31
Successes and Failures of Property-Led Initiatives
By 1993, UDCs accounted for nearly 40% of all urban regeneration policy expenditure Attracted new businesses to run-down areas and improved the environment Local people had little involvement causing conflict Didn’t tackle social problems
32
Strategies to tackle informal housing
Eradicate - knocking down the squatter settlements Self-help schemes - people are given legal ownership of the land and slowly improve it over time Site and Service Schemes - the authorities split land into plots, where roads, water and sanitation may be provided Upgrading programmes - focus on securing rights and providing basic necessities
33
Causes of urban growth in Leeds up to 1980
Industrialisation meant there were many job opportunities and so a high rural - urban migration. Also high natural increase
34
Causes of urban growth in Leeds 1980 to present
The three universities encourage young people to move to Leeds so high rural-urban migration. However, there are low fertility rates so little natural increase
35
Causes of urban growth in Rio
Many young people move for better job and healthcare opportunities, however, space in Rio is limited. The young population means that natural increase is high. The population increased by 0.66% in past year
36
Pros and cons of urbanisation
+ higher quality jobs - higher income tax + higher quality healthcare / education - traffic congestion - higher crime rates - waste disposal - urban sprawl - pollution
37
Pros and cons of suburbanisation
+ higher quality of life + more space / larger houses - inequality between the more wealthy and poorer areas - not everyone can afford to move out of the city
38
Pros and cons of counter - urbanisation
+ higher quality of life + some businesses benefit (pubs) + larger houses + less congestion - conflict between new and old residents - newcomers potentially more wealthy / younger - inequality
39
Pros and cons of urban resurgence
+ positive multiplier effect + brownfield sites built on - improves physical environment - greater pressure is put on urban infrastructure - increasing inequality
40
Why are mega cities important?
Providing many jobs, having skilled workers and being hubs for global trade. UN estimates they generate 2-3 x more GDP then other cities
41
Characteristics of world cities
International trade dominance High-quality educational institutions Diverse Large airports / ports - connect to whole world Centres of innovation Big TNC’s headquarters Considerable decision making power at global Large tourist attractions Financial hubs
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Rio de Janeiro as a Beta city
Employment declining 25% of Brazil’s foreign investment Produces 5% of Brazils GDP 5 ports Industrial and financial centre
43
Leeds as a high sufficient city
Northern powerhouse Transpennine rail routes Headquarters of Channel 4 University of Leeds has over 9000 students Airlinks to Europe
44
Processes associated with urban growth
Social - cities tend to have higher living standards then rural, increase in the cultural and social mix making people more tolerant Political - increased inequalities, focuses on issues effecting urban life Technological - Bangalore is a global it centre (population of 4 million people since 2011- internet usage), increase in fibre use and connectivity - enables globalisation, global air traffic flow Demographic - more culturally and ethnically diverse, younger population Economic - more job opportunities, decline in agricultural jobs pushes away from city
45
Why did decline manufacturing occur?
NEE’s producing goods at cheaper prices with cheaper labour costs, mechanisation and a reduced demand for traditional products
46
Property - led initiatives example and why it was needed
London Docklands Development Corporation 1981 Shipping industry declined and so the area wasn’t making any money. High crime and social problems
47
Successes and failures of LDDC
+ unemployment fell from 14.2% to 7.4% + accessibility was improved - London City Airport and Docklands Light Railway + Isle of Dogs enterprise zone encouraged private investment - many hi-tech jobs were not suitable for locals - failed to bring wealth to locals - some people argued new jobs were just ‘relocated’ - house prices increased due to affluent young professionals moving into the area
48
Aims of partnership schemes
Local leadership and partnership between all interested parties. Tackling social, economic and environmental problems in run-down parts of the city
49
Example of partnership scheme and why it was needed
Hulme City Challenge Partnership, Manchester 98% of 5500 dwellings were council owned, high - rise, crescent flats with deck access were built
50
Successes or failures of Hulme
+ appearance of Hulme changed dramatically + 600 new homes built, 400 homes improved + crime greatly reduced and improvements in community services - 10 years later, 80% of objectives had been met - unemployment had fallen but not as fast as other parts of the city - still more deprived in terms of education and child poverty
51
Area based initiatives aims
Communities being at the ‘heart of the regeneration’ to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods
52
Area based initiatives example and why it was needed
Devonport Regeneration Company, Plymouth Heavily bombed during WW2 due to navy port close by, naval jobs declined as a result of military cutbacks
53
Devonport Regeneration Company Successes and Failures
+ physical appearance changed dramatically + dividing naval wall was removed + bottom up approach so more sustainable + community groups heavily involved - some residents felt the regeneration took a long time
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