Urban Issues

Question 1

How does a low income cause deprivation:

Answer 1

• People on lower incomes cannot afford to live the same standard of living as more affluent people
• People on lower income may struggle to afford amenities.

Question 2

How does poor employment cause deprivation?

Answer 2

• Areas with low-paying employment/poor job opportunities have little disposable income
• Means little economic activity

Question 3

How can poor health and disability cause deprivation?

Answer 3

• If areas are not accessible it can be difficult for disabled people to access them = inequality and deprivation for certain groups of people
• Creates social segregation
• Areas that are deprived of resources like sanitation and clean water are at more risk of disease and health issues

Question 4

How can poor education and skills cause deprivation?

Answer 4

• Areas without good access to education/skills training tend to be more deprived
• People are unable to get qualifications needed to get a high-paying job

Question 5

How does crime cause deprivation?

Answer 5

• Deprived areas often have higher crime rates than less deprived areas
• Deprived areas often have fewer security measures that prevent crime
• People in areas with thigh crime rates have a lower quality of life as they live in fear of crime but are unable to relocate

Question 6

How does poor housing and services cause deprivation?

Answer 6

• In LICs, deprived areas tend to have more informal housing, like slums
• Deprived areas often have limited access and poor quality services
• Housing in deprived areas may have infrastructural problems, like instability during natural disasters

Question 7

How does a poor living environment cause deprivation?

Answer 7

• People living in deprived areas tend to have a worse quality of life than non-deprived areas
• Due to factors like poor air quality, poor water quality and availability of green space.

Question 8

Is the index of multiple deprivation a good method of measuring deprivation?

Answer 8

Yes = considers multiple factors (not jut economic factors), can be easily quantified and mapped to show location differences

No = quickly outdated if area undergoes regeneration/gentrification, gentrified areas may however up as least deprived but do not take social segregation into account, deprived areas are often negatively stereotyped

Question 9

Give 4 ways how socio-economic inequalities can be managed:

Answer 9

• Improving access to eduction = help people get qualifications to allow high-paying jobs, improved education leads to more employable people so unemployment will be reduced
• Imporivng accessibility for disabled people
• Improving environmental living standards
• More affordable housing

Question 10

Define cultural diversity:

Answer 10

Where many groups of people with different cultures live or work in the same area.

Question 11

Why is cultural diversity more likely to occur in urban areas?

Answer 11

Economic migrants from other countries tend to settle in urban areas for employment opportunities.

Question 12

Define diaspora:

Answer 12

When a group of people from one particular cultural group/country settle in a different country.

Question 13

How does cultural diversity cause social segregation?

Answer 13

-Migrants from similar backgrounds may be attaracted more to areas that have a sense of familiarity
- Causes large groups of people with similar cultural backgrounds to move to the same area
- May be issues with culture (e.g. racism, feeling unsafe) that cause people to stay within their own cultural groups.

Question 14

Define economic inequality:

Answer 14

The unequal distribution of money amongst a population.

Question 15

Why are economic inequalities higher in the developing world than in developed countries?

Answer 15

• Many developing countries lack the resources to support their poorest citizens
• Most developed nations have welfare states which provide basic services and income for people who are struggling financially.

Question 16

Explain the 3 main negative issues of economic inequality in cities:

Answer 16

• Political and social unrest e.g. rioting
• Increase in crime, drug use and violence
• Health problems (cities with higher levels of income inequality have more malnourished children).

Question 17

Name the three positives of cultural diversity:

Answer 17

• Enrich a city’s character
• Increase tolerance
• Cultural events and quarters can attract tourists.

Question 18

Name the three negatives of cultural diversity:

Answer 18

• Tensions between different groups, can lead to violence.
• Increased pressure on services e.g. schools may need extra staff for pupils who can’t speak the native language.
• Minority communities can feel isolated and under-represented politically.

Question 19

Name the four main issues with social segregation:

Answer 19

• Lack of integration between different groups can cause prejudice and discrimination
• People in some areas may have less access to education and jobs.
• Segregation can lead to anxiety and have negative impacts on health and life expectancy
• In developing countries, poorer areas may lack access to facilities e.g. clean water - more likely to be closer to rubbish dumps, impacting health and wellbeing.

Question 20

What are the 5 main ways to reduce poverty and economic inequalities in urban areas:

Answer 20

• Improving transport systems (make it easier for the urban poor to access jobs)
• Subsidising the construction of affordable housing (help poor people buy property)
• Introducing minimum wages (stabilise wage inequalities between the wealthy and poor)
• Government can offer subsidises for new companies (increasing local employment opportunities)
• Upgrading programmes for slum settlements (increase the quality of informal housing)

Question 21

What are the 4 main ways to encourage social and cultural intergration:

Answer 21

• Encourage political participation of minority groups (ensures minority groups have opportunities to influence decision-making)
• New laws passed (e.g. preventing companies discriminating against employee’s race)
• New developments (e.g. luxury and cheap housing) can reduce divisions between rich and poor
• Communities can help ease racial tensions (i.e. involving different groups to remove racist graffiti)