Urbanisation

Question 1

Define urbanisation:

Answer 1

The growth in the proportion of a country living in urban areas.

Question 2

Define urban sprawl:

Answer 2

When the countryside surrounding an urban area starts becoming engulfed by its expansion.

Question 3

Define suburbanisation:

Answer 3

The decentralisation of people living in the inner city to the surrounding areas of the city and rural urban fringe.

Question 4

Define counter-urbanisation:

Answer 4

When people move from large urban areas to smaller urban areas or to rural locations.

Question 5

Define urban resurgence:

Answer 5

The movement of people back into the city centre when an urban area in decline becomes redeveloped and regenerated.

Question 6

What 4 pull factors cause rural to urban migration occur?

Answer 6

• Employment opportunities (especially in service and low-skilled labour industries)
• Better access to facilities
• More reliable resources (e.g. food, water, energy)
• Better infrastructure and transport (better quality of life)

Question 7

How does natural population growth lead to urbanisation?

Answer 7

• High birth rates cause a youthful population
• Yong people are more likely to live in urban areas due to more employment opportunities
• Causes an increase in urban population
• Causes an increase in demand for urban settlements = urbanisation

Question 8

Give 3 issues with urban sprawl:

Answer 8

• Increases water/air pollution
• Loss of green spaces
• Increased traffic = congestion

Question 9

What 2 factors cause suburbanisation?

Answer 9

• Demand for bigger houses
• Quieter and safer area.

Question 10

What are the 2 effects of suburbanisation?

Answer 10

• Transport to surrounding areas (e.g. commuting) causes traffic congestion
• Some suburban areas become so developed they become urban areas

Question 11

What are the 2 causes counter-urbanisation?

Answer 11

• People move for better quality of life (e.g. cleaner air, no traffic congestion)
• In HICs/NEEs, some rural locations have high levels of development (e.g. good infrastructure, transport)

Question 12

Define deindustrialisation:

Answer 12

When industry declines in an area.

Question 13

How an deindustrialisation cause urban areas to experience urban resurgence?

Answer 13

• Deindustrialisation causes industrial buildings to become derelict
• Developers may implement plans to regenerate the area through redevelopment
• Regeneration causes economic growth and attracts new people to the area = urban resurgence

Question 14

Define urban policy:

Answer 14

A measure taken by local governments to develop urban areas through political or legal frameworks.

Question 15

What are the 5 main features of a world city?

Answer 15

• Stong global connection/headquarters
• Economic hub
• Densely populated
• Base for TNCs
• Large scale infrastructure

Question 16

Define a megacity:

Answer 16

A city with more than 10 million people inhabiting it

Question 17

Give 3 examples of megacities:

Answer 17

London
LA
Tokyo

Question 18

Why might urban population data not be an accurate measurement:

Answer 18

• Different sources define ‘urban area’ differently
• Undocumented people are not included in census/populated data so are under-represented

Question 19

Give three ways how megacities benefit people:

Answer 19

• Provide core facilities (e.g. education, healthcare)
• Wide range of social opportunities
• Many job opportunities

Question 20

Give two ways how megacities benefit the economy:

Answer 20

• Produce greater GDP than other cities
• Economic/financial hubs = cause technological innovation

Question 21

Give one way how megacities benefit the environment:

Answer 21

• Encourages the use of public transport = reduces emissions

Question 22

Give two ways how megacities disadvantage people:

Answer 22

• More competition for jobs
• Social segregation can occur (especially from different cultures or economic backgrounds)

Question 23

Give one way how megacities disadvantage the economy:

Answer 23

• Strains on facilities if under-developed

Question 24

Give three ways how megacities disadvantage the environment:

Answer 24

• Increased air water pollution
• Increased traffic congestion
• Increasing public transport will also increase emissions/traffic congestion

Question 25

What 4 push factors cause rural to urban migration to occur?

Answer 25

- Lack of job opportunities/ high unemployment rates - Lack of access to facilities(e.g. schools, healthcare) - Unstable resources (e.g. food, water, energy) - Safety issues (e.g. natural disasters, war)

Question 26

How can suburbanisation cause social segregation?

Answer 26

- Complex pattern of wealthy and poorer areas develop. - Wealthier middle-class people move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life. - Those left behind are poorer and may include foreign immigrants.

Question 27

What is a world city?

Answer 27

A city that has political and financial influence over the world.

Question 28

Give four characteristics of world cities:

Answer 28

- Dominate international trade and regional economies. - Home to world-renowned universities - Celebrate culture - Attract a high number of international visitors e.g. migrants, students, tourists.

Question 29

In developed countries, what is the primary method of food production?

Answer 29

Commercial farming.

Question 30

Why do cities tend to have higher living standards than rural areas?

Answer 30

Better access to healthcare and education

Question 31

What is political reform?

Answer 31

Focuses on issues that affect urban life e.g. quality of houses, poor sanitation, working conditions.

Question 32

Why do cities tend to have a younger population than rural areas?

Answer 32

Many young people are attracted to move to urban areas e.g. through job opportunities and entertainment, where they start a family.

Question 33

Explain the deindustralisation of Europe and North America in the 1960s.

Answer 33

- Developing nations e.g. Singapore and Taiwan became industrialised. - They were able to produce goods at a cheaper price than Europe or North America. - By the 1970s, the developed world was struggling to compete - Industries collapsed, causing unemployment and poverty in Europe and NA

Question 34

Explain the rise of the service economy in the 1980's.

Answer 34

- Many service industries e.g. retail, banking began to expand and dominate western cultures - These industries have been responsible for the majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisation

Question 35

Explain the current issue of decentralisation:

Answer 35

- As land prices in city centres increase, businesses and shops relocate to the suburbs - Decentralisation has causes shops and offices to close, causing derelict buildings, unemployment and urban poverty.

Question 36

Name the 4 schemes created to improve UK cities since 1979:

Answer 36

- Urban development corporations - Enterprise zones - City challenge - Partnership schemes.

Question 37

Explain the urban development corporation scheme to develop UK cities since 1979:

Answer 37

- Government created UDCs which used private sector funding to restore derelict areas. - London Docklands was produced to attract new businesses, improve the local environment, create jobs and build new houses. -

Question 38

Explain the enterprise zone scheme of 1981:

Answer 38

- EZs were established in areas of high unemployment - tax was reduced. - Aimed to attract start-up companies to the area to create jobs. - Housed over 5000 companies - Tax reduction encouraged existing businesses to move there, limiting the number of new jobs available.

Question 39

Explain the city challenge scheme of 1991:

Answer 39

- Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas. - Funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community - this was very successful. - However, many deprived areas did not receive any funding.

Question 40

Explain partnership schemes in 2010:

Answer 40

- Government has worked with provide companies to provide financial support and expertise for urban regeneration. - Schemes aim to improve physical, economical and social conditions in deprived areas. - E.g. by building new homes, creating parks and reducing unemployment.

Question 41

How does economic change lead to ‘contrasting impacts on the place characteristics’