Urban Issues

Question 1

what is urbanisation?

Answer 1

an increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas

Question 2

what are some push factors?

Question 3

what are some pull factors?

Answer 3

better healthcare
jobs
access to education

Question 4

what is a megacity?

Answer 4

a city with a population of over 10 million

Question 5

why do we get megactities?

Answer 5

rapid urbanisation

Question 6

how sustainable is mumbai?

Answer 6

80% of waste is recycled
they plant mangroves
purify waste water f

Question 7

what is bottom up slum development?

Answer 7

helps residents improve their own houses
install sewage, running water,electrcity

Question 8

what is top down slum development?

Answer 8

where you destroy the slums and build housing elsewhere (slum rehabilitation schemes)

Question 9

what are the causes of slow rates of urbanisation in HIC’s?

Answer 9

• people have mostly already moved there
• people can work remotely
• natural increase
• cities are overcrowded

Question 10

what is a global city?

Answer 10

a city of international importance and influence

Question 11

what makes mumbai a global city?

Answer 11

heart of bollywood which is worth 2.3 billion
the world trade centre is there
(two) airport handles 47.2 million visitors anually
mumbai is indias fashion and entertainment hub and its economy is worth $950billion, 10% of indias gdp
234 languages spoken in india

Question 13

In LIC’s what opportunities do urban areas provide?

Answer 13

jobs
better access to healthcare, education and clean water
positive multiplier effect
bollywood

Question 14

what is urban sprawl?

Answer 14

when cities keep getting bigger and bigger

Question 15

what is Dharavi like?

Answer 15

biggest slum in the world
80% of waste is recycled there
low crime rates as good sense of community
1.2 million live there

Question 16

what are the negatives of rapid urbanisation in mumbai?

Answer 16

overcrowding- 1.2 million crowded into one square mile in dharavi
pressure on services- 3500 die on railways anually and sion hospital has grown but can not keep up with population growth
poor sanitation- 60% of population rely on communal taps, 4000 cases of typhoid daily

Question 17

what are some bottom up urban planning strategies to help mange Dharavi?

Answer 17

charities help to redevelop slums e.g. new sewage systems

although this helps a smaller number of of people it mantains the community,cheap.

Question 18

what are some top down urban planning strategies to help mange Dharavi?

Answer 18

government builds brand new flats with kitchens, bathrooms and living space

this is expensive for the government and means people are often relocated far from the centre of mumbai
people have to get new jobs and destroys any informal buisnesses
it also breaks up communities so people don’t tend to look after their new housing as much and it becomes dirty

Question 19

what are some positive impacts of international migration to sheffield?

Answer 19

migrants pay tax to the governament which can be used to improve services
migrants can fill jobs that few people want
they can also be doctors or nurses which we are short of
they can open up new shops and add diversity
employed migrants spend money in local shops (PME)

Question 20

what are some negative impacts of international migration to sheffield?

Answer 20

misunderstandings over differences in culture can lead to hostility
diffucult for some migrants to integrate into british culture beacuse they most likely wont speak english so hard to get a job
non english speaking children place extra pressure on primary schools
some diverse shops may change the traditional character of places which some people don’t like
migrants could send some earning back to their home country so dosen’t actually help sheffield

Question 21

what challenges do urban areas have?

Answer 21

inequality (e.g. between east and west in sheffield) with life expectancy, education
public transport- relies on buses, air pollution,hilly, traffic

Question 22

what is urban greening?

Answer 22

increase in the proportion of green spaces within a city

Question 23

how is sheffield becoming greener?

Answer 23

old unused highway is being repurposed as green space and 1.3km of walkways
sheffield council spent £3.4 million on their “grey to green” strategy

Question 24

what are the impacts of urban greening in sheffield?

Answer 24

561% increase in biodiversity
increase peoples mental health
green spaces intercept rainfall- so stops sewage systems from becoming overloaded
plants act as a carbon sink
plants create natural smells and sounds
improves house value

Question 25

what are the advantages and disadvantags of building on greenfield sites?

Answer 25

advantages- sites do not need clearing before being built on not restricited by old road networks pleasant countryside environment, appealing to buyers some buisnesses on the outskirts provide facilities land is cheaper so plots can be larger more space for gardens disadvantages- have to install new plumbing damages wildlife it can be unpopular with locals atmospheric and light pollution

Question 26

what are the advantages and disadvantags of building on brownfield sites?

Answer 26

advantages- easier to get planning permission as council want to use these sites near to town centre so good access to facilities roads already exist services like electricity and plumbing exist already sites in cities are not left derelict cuts commuting disadvantages- not as attractive costs money to demolish whats already there may have to remove squatters could have a bad reputation putting off buyers

Question 27

what percent of sheffields waste is burnt, recycled or in landfills?

Answer 27

burnt= 67% recycled= 32% in landfills= 1%

Question 28

what is one of sheffields waste mangment strategies and what are the positives and negatives?

Answer 28

burning waste in an incinerator -2.5 tonnes of CO2 saved per hour -discourages dumping in landfills -the incinerator creates enough electricity for 25000 homes, 140 buildings connected to direct energy network providing places like ponds forge with hot water -waste products can be used elsewhere -greenhouse gases emitted in small quantities -incinerator does not employ many people -lowers recycling rates because incinerator deters people from recycling -commercial waste not incinerated, sent to other places instead -expensive to run -can cause health issues

Question 29

describe sheffields waste mangement strategies

Answer 29

an incinerator creates energy by generating heat which vaporises water to form steam that spins a turbine which spins a magnet to generate electrcity

Question 30

wheres a place in sheffield that has been regenerated ?

Answer 30

the park hill flats

Question 31

how has park hill flats been regenerated?

Answer 31

-concierge service- sense of security -nursery for kids -bottom floor is for offices and commercial space (offices can hold 200 people) -unless you live their you have to park -added greenery -services within walking distance

Question 32

what is some evidence of park hills flats being sustainable?

Answer 32

old derelict building now has 800 homes bottoms floors are offices uses what already exists transport links are walkable distance improved communites more buisnesses

Question 33

what is some evidence of unsustainability with the regeneration of the parkhill flats?

Answer 33

costs 120 million still not finished needs to be constantly maintained not all flats used

Question 34

what are the problems with traffic ?

Answer 34

atmospheric+ noise pollution causes asthma stress delays loss of income for buisnesses vibration damage accidents

Question 35

how can we manage traffic?

Answer 35

Trams/ metros can carry a large number of people over a long distance Congestion charge for people drivining into city centres- extra income TIdal flow system- High occupancy vechicle lane CBD car parking charge where car parking in city centres is more expensive (shops don't like because it kills customers) Bus lanes and bike lanes (will move faster so encourage people to go on them to work)