Cortez et al Vet Surg 2024-
Of the 12 cats, how many had:
Ectopic ureters?
Bilateral?
Immediate PO complications?
Complete resolution?
- Ectopic ureters (8/12; 66%)- Extramural
- Bilateral (6/8- 75%)
- Immediate postoperative complications occurred in 3 cats (25%)- urethral spasm (treated medically); progressive hydroureter/hydronephrosis (resolved without intervention) and progressive urinary incontinence which resolve without additional treatment
- Complete resolution in 11/12; (92%)
Andrews et al JAVMA 2024-
What has the frequency of cystine and urate stones visible on radiographs in dogs?
86% urate
92% cystine
100% urate/cystine
*** Contrary to previous beliefs that they were radiolucent or marginally radiopaque
Nash et al JAVMA 2023-
Evaluated tube cystostomy for urinary outflow management in dogs with IVDE and ischemic myelopathy cranial to L3 spinal cord segment.
What % of owners reported tube cystotomy was easy and very easy to use?
When was the median time to removal?
Complication rate?
- 81%
- 19 days
- Overall complication rate- 38% (71% minor; 29% severe); The most frequent
complication was inadvertent dislodgement of the
cystostomy tube by the dog following discharge. The second most frequent complication was
peristomal urine leakage.
Gibson et al JAVMA 2022-
How many procedures was a urinary implant successfully retrieved via endovascular snare system?
Complication rate?
Intraoperative complication rate?
- An ESS was used successfully for removal or re-
positioning of urinary implants, including ureteral
stents or retained urinary catheters for 18 procedures in 14 dogs and 3 cats - No patients
developed any known complications associated with
use of the ESS, further supporting this as a safe alter-
native to more invasive procedures - One procedural complication (5%) was reported in the
present study. This complication occurred during the attempted retrieval of a retained vesicourethral im-
plant in a male dog. The implant, which had been se-
cured within the ESS, became dislodged at the pelvic
flexure on withdrawal. The stability of the interlocked
snare device requires close association of the snare
wire to the catheter, which is maintained by counter-
tension between the snare and catheter. Suboptimal
tension by the operator likely led to loss of this connection with resultant dropping of the implant in the distal portion of the urethra before removal.
Job et al JVIM 2022-
What is the difference between percutaneous cystolithotomy and open cystotomy in dogs and cats in regards to:
- Anesthetic and surgical time?
- Safety?
- Efficacy?
- No significant difference regardless of species (mean surgical time 45 PCCL vs 48 OC min; mean anesthetic time 90 PCCL vs 98 OC min)
- PCCL can be safely and efficiently performed in dogs and cats regardless of weight, sex and with any number of uroliths.
- Complete urolith removal was achieved in 98% of dogs and cats by PCCL
- The median hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the PCCL group for dogs but did not differ in cats
-There were no major intraoperative complications in the PCCL group, with no need for conversion to an OC
Duval et al JFMS 2022-
When using 4% tetrasodium EDTA (tEDTA) in obstructed SUBs what was the:
Success rate?
Recurrence of obstruction rate?
Time to recurrence?
Clinical signs post-infusion?
- 69%
- 55%
- 87 days
- One or more episodes of self-limiting pollakiuria and/or hematuria following infusion was seen in eight patients (n=8/14; 57%)
Boone et al Vet Surg 2025-
Comparing modified percutaneous cystolithotomy (mPCCL) to open cystotomy (OC), what were the findings?
- mPCCL had smaller incisions and shorter hospitalizations but had no other clear advantages
- Incisional infections were associated with hospitalization duration in the OC group
- Incomplete urolith removal was associated with increased surgical time when no additional procedures were performed in the OC group.
- For PCCLm, incomplete urolith removal was associated with lower urinary tract signs within 14 days postoperatively, increased incision length, anesthesia time, and hospitalization duration.
Covo et al JFMS 2024-
In cats with malignant causes of ureteral and/or urethral obstruction how did SUB vs self-expanding metallic stent compare?
What was the MST in these cats?
- Repeat urethral obstruction due to tumor in growth occurred in 6/13 cats with a SEMS (46%), and no cats developed recurrent ureteral obstructions after placement of the SUB device. 3 cats had additional covered stents placed after urethral re-obstruction.
- 52 days in cats with ureteral obstruction with or without concurrent urethral obstructions, 80 days with urethral obstruction alone.
Habib et al JVIM 2025-
Assessing ureteral patency by fluoroscopy and ultrasonography after subcutaneous ureteral bypass device placement for the treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in cats…..
What was the incidence of native ureter recanalization?
Of the cases that had patent ureters, what were the causes of obstruction?
What is the Sn/Sp for ureteral patency for observation of a trigone irrigation during ultrasound guided irrigation?
19/23 cases (83%) evaluated were patent on fluoroscopy ranging from 1 month to 6 years after surgery
16/20 patent ureters were obstructed with ureteroliths (80%) and 3/3 with presumed stricture (100%)
Observation of a trigone irrigation during routine ultrasound-guided SUB irrigation is a reliable indicator of ureteral patency, with a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 88%
Price et al JVIM 2025-
What % of polypoid cystitis cases were identified incidentally?
Where were the polyps identified?
What % had recurrent UTI signs?
What % had BRAF V595E mutations?
What were the common bacteria isolated in dogs with UTIs?
- 12%
- 80% cranioventral bladder apex
- 20%
- 0%
- Escherichia coli (53%), Enterococcus faecalis (19%) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (7%)
Schultz et al JVIM 2024 -
In regards to renal biopsy:
What disease had the shortest survival time?
Which risk factors were associated with an increased risk of death?
- Renal amyloidosis - MST 76 days vs 608 days overall
- Age, serum creatinine, serum albumin, and UPC
Adair et al VetSurg 2023-
Comparing modified percutaneous cystolithotomy and open cystotomy:
Which had the longest anesthesia time?
Which had the longest surgery time?
What is the total conversion rate of PCCLm to open cystotomy?
What factor was associated with remaining cystoliths on post-op radiographs in the PCCLm group?
Was PCCLm associated with an decreased risk of leaving stones?
- Open cystotomy group
- Neither
- 4% (5/131)-
** 4 cases of conversion were due to too numerous stones and difficulty retrieving them with the cystoscope
** 1 case was due to extensive hemorrhage of the spleen following laceration upon entry into the abdomen
Post-op radiograph stones:
1. Lower urinary tract obstruction on presentation (5x more likely)
2. Presence of a large, firm bladder on PE (13.5x more likely)
3. Larger body weight (5.6% more likely with each additional kg of weight)
4. Uroliths too numerous to count on preoperative radiographs (3.92 x more likely)
5. Anesthesia time (2.5% more likely with each additional minute)
6. Surgery time (2.1% more likely with each additional minute)
- No
** The only factor significantly more likely to cause the outcome variable of SSII within 14days, was extension of the incision to gain improved exposure and not for additional procedures in the PCCLm group (17.87 times more likely
** Significantly reduced postoperative lower urinary tract signs were noted in the PCCLm group
Aronson et al JAVMA 2022-
In pre-renal transplant cats:
What CV abnormalities were identified?
Did these abnormalities affect survival?
What factor was found to affect survival?
- Hypertension, murmur, echo changes, CHF
- No
- Age (risk of death increased 11% for every 1 year)
Bohlen and Nickel JSAP 2022-
When placing an artificial urethral sphincter in males:
What % achieved short term continence?
What % remained continent long term?
Minor complication rate?
Major complication rate?
- 84%
- 53%
- 25% (Mild complications= Hematoma, stranguria/temporary dyssynergia and mild inflammation at the port)
- 31% (Major complications= Obstruction, dyssynergia, fistula at port and port rotation)
***Overall complication rate of 56%
Buote et al JFMS 2022-
Did this paper support the use of minimally invasive surgery to remove cystoliths in cats?
Yes- they had lower pain scores, returned to eating more consistently, and were equally likely to have stones left behind
- The primary outcome measure was a composite outcome score, including three variables: pain scores ⩾2 at either 6 or 12 h postoperatively; failure to remove all stones as determined by postoperative radiographs; and postoperative complications requiring a visit to the hospital separate from the planned suture removal appointment
- The cats in the open surgery group had 8.3 times greater odds of developing the composite outcome than cats in the MIS group
Friday et al Vet Surg 2023-
What % of renal transplant cats had metastatic calcification pre-op?
Developed it post-op?
What was associated with the cases of metastatic calcification detected pre-op?
- 20%
- 16%
- Shorter mean survival time (147 days; without- 646 days) and a 240% increase risk of death
** For every 10 mg/dL increase in BUN, the odds of developing calcification post-transplant were 1.45 times higher than those with lower pre BUN values
** The most common location of metastatic calcification involved vascular structures
*** Metastatic calcification in renal transplant cats is a negative prognostic indicator and is associated with decreased survival times
Hammond et al JVECC 2022-
Was the use of balloon dilation successful in the management of pelvic urethral strictures?
Yes - The strictures in all 3 cases were successfully treated with a combination of fluoroscopic-guided balloon dilation and short-term indwelling urethral catheterization while managing any present infection.
Hardie et al Vet Surg 2023-
What was the main difference between the simple nephrocystostomy (NCTs) and bladder cuff nephrocystotomy technique for ureteral bypass in cats?
All simple NCTs became obstructed after catheter removal versus bladder cuff NCTs remained patent for 90 days
*** For simple NCT, an 8F catheter was placed through the caudal pole into the renal pelvis and the bladder was sutured around the catheter
*** For bladder cuff NCT, a 6 mm defect was removed from the caudal pole and a cuff of bladder mucosa was advances and sutured into the renal pelvis. A 10 F catheter was placed through the defect into the renal pelvis and the bladder wall was sutured around the catheter.
Hart et al Vet Surg 2021-
When performing transperitoneal laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for renal neoplasia:
What was the complication rate?
PFI?
- No major perioperative complications occurred and all dogs survived to discharge
- Progression free survival- 422 days
*** Open ureteronephrectomy should be considered in cases with largest mass diameters >8 cm and estimated ellipsoid volume >127 cm^3
*** Previously published data in dogs on case selection had estimated that masses with a diameter of <6 to 7 cm in dogs >15 kg without extension beyond the renal capsule could be considered for removal by TLU
Johnson et al JAVMA 2024 -
In dogs with renal disease getting nephrectomies:
Intra-op complication rate?
PO complication rate?
What risk factors were NOT identified in developing chronic kidney disease PO?
- 45%
- 43%
- Postoperative acute kidney injury and NSAID administration were not statistically associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in this population
** 40% of dogs in this study had complications secondary to hemorrhage associated with renal dissection
** Severe hemorrhage, considered as loss of >15% of blood volume, was noted in 8.7% dogs with all receiving an intraoperative blood transfusion
*** Few dogs in this population had GFR measured preoperatively and an abnormal GFR was not associated with increased risk of CKD development long-term
*** Chronic kidney disease was diagnosed in almost 50% of the population with available long-term follow up
Oyamada et al Vet Surg 2023-
In cats with extravesicular, 2-layer, side-to-side ureteroneocystostomy combined with tension relieving technique for proximal ureteral obstruction:
Survival rate?
PO BUN and Creatinine?
Perioperative complications?
UTI rate?
- 100% (All cats survived through discharge)
- In all cats, postoperative BUN and CREA concentrations were decreased compared with preoperative concentrations
- Perioperative complications included ureteral catheter dislodgement (3; 30%), transient pollakiuria (2; 20%) and dysuria (1; 10%), but no specific treatments were required
- 30% (3/10)
** 7 of the 10 cats (70%) were alive without recurrent ureteral obstruction at the end of this retrospective study
** A novel form is called extravesicular two layer side to side ureteroneocystostomy combined with tension relieving techniques (ETSUTT), which consists of a modified extravesicular technique and 3 different tension relieving techniques (ie: renal descensus, ureterocystopexy and nephrocystopexy)
Reyes and Scharf Vet Surg 2023 -
Was laparoscopic partial cystectomy sealed with endoscopic GIA stapler feasible in canine cadavers?
Yes- Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was successfully performed in 10 of 11 cadavers (91%)
** Median procedure time was 13.6 minutes
** Median intravesical pressure at initial leakage was 31 mmHg with a median increase from initial pressure of 15 mmHg
*** No catastrophic failure of the cystectomy site was observed during leak testing
Song et al Vet Surg 2024:
What was CTs ability to identify normal ureters correctly?
What was CTs ability to identify ectopic ureters correctly?
Sensitivity of identifying extramural vs intramural ureters?
Specificity of identifying extramural vs intramural ureters?
Determine receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of CT excretory urography in predicting cystoscopic findings of ureteral anatomy.
- 50%
- 78%
- Sn= 29% extramural vs 65% intramural
- Sp= 97% extramural vs 71% intramural
*** CT did not accurately predict anatomy of ureters; CT findings may need confirmation by cystoscopy and possibly intraoperative fluoroscopy prior to determining if CLA is indicated or not
Mickelson et al Vet Surg 2021-
What device was evaluated for renal transplant vascular anastomosis?
Using this device for feline renal transplants….
Was an end-to-side anastomosis of the renal vein and vena cava/renal artery and aorta feasible?
Surgery time compared to hand sewing?
- Microvascular anastomotic coupler (MAC)- 3.5 mm for vena cava (purple); 1.5 mm for aorta (blue)
- Yes, it was successful in all cats (6/6) with negligible intra-operative hemorrhage
- 1/2 the time of hand sewing
*** 1/6 (17%) euthanized due to post op hemoabdomen
*** Renal perfusion and resistive index (RI) within normal range 5/6 (83%), similar to the contralateral normal kidneys
*** Advantages of the MAC identified in this study include the overall technical ease of performing the anastomosis itself, shorter duration of anastomoses, negligible hemorrhage from the anastomosis site, and excellent vessel patency
*** Potential complications unique to the MAC include thinning of the vessel wall and focal stenosis at the site of the coupler.
