- cystitis = inflammation of the urinary bladder - prostatitis = inflammation of the prostate - urethritis = inflammation of the urethra

- inflamamtion in the lining of the urinary tract caused by bacteria - bladder infection - most common type of UTI - most common bacteria: ecoli

urinary disorders Flashcards by Katie James

what are the two classifications of UTIs

complicated (UTI tat doesnt respond to usual treatment)
uncomplicated

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what are some upper UTIs

pyelonephritis = inflammation of the renal pelvis
nephritis = inflammation of the kidney
renal abscess

these are usually complicated

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name some lower UTIs

cystitis = inflammation of the urinary bladder
prostatitis = inflammation of the prostate
urethritis = inflammation of the urethra

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describe pyelonephritis

bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissues in the kidneys of one or both kidneys
acute or chronic
associated ith abscesses, obstructions, and tumors
nephrons replaced by scar tissue in chronic infection

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what are some common causes of pyelonephritis

ecoli infection (usually comes from shit getting into the urethra)
renal calculi
malignancy
catheter/cystoscopy
BPH

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what are some acute symptoms of pyelonephritis

high fever/chills
leukocytosis
bacteriuria
pyuria
low back/flank pain
cloud/blood, foul smelling urine
painful urination

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what are soem chronic symptoms of pyelonephritis

may have no symptoms
may have fatigue, headache,poor appetite, polyuria, excessive thirst, and weight loss
less painful
discovered when HTN being evaluated

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what tests are used in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis

symptoms
labs (increased WBCs)
UA/C&S (bacteria in urine, gross urine, culture b4 antibiotics)
radiology (find root cause)

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what are some nursing interventions for pyelonephritis

vital signs (hgih risk of sepsis)
I+O
maintain fluid balance and electrolyte balance
antibiotic therapy
analgesics
antispasmodics
increase fluid intake (3-4L/day)
renal diet

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describe cystitis

inflamamtion in the lining of the urinary tract caused by bacteria
“bladder infection”
most common type of UTI
most common bacteria: ecoli

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what are some risk factors for cystitis

inability to empty bladder completely
obstructed urinary flow
instrumentation of the urinary tract
inflammation or abrasion of the urethral mucosa
poor hygiene practices

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what ae some symptoms of cystitis

pain
burning
bladder spasms
frequency
atypical for elderly

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what are some diagnostic tools for cystitis

UA/C&S
CT scan
US

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what are some nursing interventions for cystitis

strict aseptic technique for catheter insertion
instruct on proper perineal hygiene
I+Os
force fluids (3-4L/day)
educate (take all antibiotics)

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a patient returns to the doctor after finishing her antibiotic course continuing to complain of uti symptoms. what classification of uti is this?

complication

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name some types of urinary incontinence

stress
urge
functional
iatrogenic
mixed urinary
overflow

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what are some gerontologic considerations for urinary incontinence

not a normal part of aging
decrease ability to maintain independence
transient episodes with abrupt onset
possible causes include UTI, constipation, meds, decreased estrogen levels, diabetes

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what are some diagnostic tools for urinary incontinence

history
I+O
radiologic tests
residual urine checks
UA/C&S

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what are some treatments/interventions for urinary incontinence

electrical stimulation
meds
bladder training/timed voided
kegal exercises
surgery
fluid and dietary changes
decrease caffiene and alcohol intake

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describe urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

presence of a stone anywhere in the urinary tract/kidney. stones may be composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or uric acid
75% of stones are calcium based

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what are some risk factors for urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

dehydration and meds like calcium supplements

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what are sme signs and symptoms of urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

pain in flank area
hematuria
urine retention, frequency, urgency

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whats used in diagnosis of urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

Study These Flashcards

UA
radiologic testing
ct
ivp

what are some interventions are used for urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

Study These Flashcards

analgesics and NSAIDs
I+O
strain urine (catch any stone passed for lab)
increase fluid intake

what are some procedures for urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

- stent placement - percutaneous lithotripsy - extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy - open removal (rare)

describe percutaneous lithotripsy

small puncture in flank, gets stone out good for bigger stones

describe extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

- most common one - shocks and breaks up the stone - no incision but may be bruising

what are some post procedural interventions for urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

- manage pain and fluid and elctrolyte balance - monitor signs and symtpoms of infection - monitor kidney function - **assess urine and strain** - educated on possibility of bruising in the flank area for ESWL

describe nephrostomy

bypasses all lower urinary tract, needs to be flushed

what are risk factors for urolithiasis? choose all that apply 1) diet high in alcohol and organ meats 2) calcium supplements 3) smoking 4) urinary stasis

1) diet high in alcohol and organ meats 2) calcium supplements 4) urinary stasis

what are soem risk factors for bladder cancers

- tobacco use - toxins - family history

what are some signs and symptoms of bladder cancer

- painless hematuria - frquency, urgency, and dysuria - changes in voiding patterns

whats used for diagnosis of bladder cancer

- radiologic - **biopsy**

whats included in the treatment of bladder cancer

- cystectomy (complete removal of bladder) - radiation therapy - chemotherapy - may be a combo

name some urinary diversions

- illeal conduit - cutaneous ureterostomy - continent urostomy

describe illeal conduit

- most common, permanent - urine flows freely through stoma to a pouch

describe cutaneous ureterostomy

ureters are brough out to skin in one or more stomas

describe continent urostomy

- ureters drain into reservoir that has a valved stoma - the stoma is cathed to remove urine

describe pre op care for urinary diversion

patient education of expectations post surgery - changes in body image - show stoma pouches - activities - exercise, diet, and clothing - discuss site of ostomy

describe post op care/patient education for urinary diversion

- **assess stoma site** - **monitor I+O** - monitor for S/S of stoma obstruction - education - ostomy nurse

what are some complications of urinary diversion

- stoma ischemia/necrosis - **infection** - **stoma - irritation - yeast infection** - **skin breakdwon**

describe BPH

- enlargment of prostate gland - men primarily over 40 years - prostate size increases with age - yearly exams

what are some signs and symptoms of BPH

- frequency/hesitancy - hematuria - inability to empty the bladder fully - post void dribbling - anuria - bladder distention - enlarged, firm, non elastic feeling upon digital exam - elevated PSA

what are some diagnostic tools for BPH

- digital rectal exam - PSA (not super accurate) - transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) - CT/MRI - cystoscopy

describe treatment for BPH

- watchful waiting - meds like alpha1 adrenergic blockers or alpha reductase inhibitors - surgery (transurethral resection of the prostate and prostatectomy) - minimally invasive procedures (transurethral heat ablation, TULIP, prostatic stent)

is prostate cancer deadly

yep 2nd in death rate only to lung cancer

what are some risk factors for prostate cancer

- increases with age (60s) - african american men - higher risk - family hx - diet high is saturated animal fat - vit D deficiency - occupational risks - high levels of testosterone

describe prevention and screening for prostate cancer

- annual DRE - PSA (starting at age 50) - ultrasound guided TRUS

what are some signs ans symptoms of prostate cancer

- dysuria, nocturia, hematuria - frquency - abnormal prostate on digital exam - bone pain, pack pain, nerve pain - bowel and bladder dysfunction - weight loss - fatigue

whats used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer

- subjective S/S - prostate specific antigen, DRE - TRUS exam - **tissue biopsy**

what are some treatments of prostate cancer

- hormone deprovation (ADT therapy) (not curative but can slow growth) - orchiectomy (cut those balls off, castration) - surgery - radiation (external or internal)

what are some complications to prostate cancer treatment

- hemorrhage - infection - venous thromboembolism - catheter issues - erectile dysfunction - urinary incontinence - urethral stricture

what does TURP do

scrapes and sucks prostate tissue out

what is the goal of continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)

prevent and remove blood clots in the bladder

describe continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)

- adjust flow rate to keep urine light pink/peach color - decrease flow rate if urine clear - increase flow rate if urine bloody - may need order for manual irrigation for large clots

what test will diagnose prostate cancer?

biopsy

true or false? is it normal to see mucous threads in a urostomy pouch?

true

urinary disorders Flashcards

(57 cards)