General A&P > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Filtration of blood 2. Production and excretion of urine 3. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance 4. Excretion of wastes 5. Regulation of blood composition 6. Regulation of blood pH
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2
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system

A
  1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary Bladder 4. Urethra
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3
Q

Kidneys filter ______ and produce _____

A

blood and produce urine

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4
Q

Ureters transport

A

urine to the bladder

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5
Q

Urinary bladder stores

A

urine

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6
Q

Urethra transports

A

Urine out of the body

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7
Q

The kidney lie in the _______ position

A

retroperitoneal position

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8
Q

The kidneys are externally covered by a

A

Fibrous capsule and layers of fat

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9
Q

Miscroscopic functional filtration units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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10
Q

What are the 2 major regions of a nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle 2. Renal tubule
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11
Q

The renal corpuscle is where

A

filtration occurs

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12
Q

What 2 structures are in the renal corpuscle

A
  1. Glonerulus 2. Bowman’s/ glomerular capsule
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13
Q

The renal tubule consists of what 3 structures

A
  1. Proxymal convoluted tubule 2. nephron loop 3. Distal convoluted tubule
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14
Q

Specialized capillaries in the renal corpuscle that filter blood

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

surrounds the glomerulus and captures filtrate

A

Bowman’s/glomerular capsule

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16
Q

primary site of reabsorption

A

proxymal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

what 2 parts of the renal tubule are sites of reabsortion and secretion

A
  1. nephron loop 2. Distal convoluted tubule
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons

A
  1. Cortical nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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19
Q

Which type of nephron is shorter

A

Cortical nephrons

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20
Q

What type of nephron makes up 85% of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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21
Q

Which type of nephron helps regulate urine concentration

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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22
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes directly to the kidneys

A

20-25%

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23
Q

Urine formation involves what 3 processes

A
  1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
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24
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur

A

the glomerular capillaries

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25
What substances should be included in filtrate
water and dissolved solutes
26
What substances should not be included in filtrate
Formed elements and large plasma proteins
27
Glomerular capillaries are _____ to allow substances to pass through
fenestrated (porus)
28
Filtration of urine is driven by
hydrostatic pressure
29
Kidneys are capable of producing _______ L of filtrate per day
180
30
Amount of filtrate produced/ minute
glomerular filtration rate
31
What is the normal GFR range
90-120 mL/min
32
Lower than average GFR can indicate
kidney disease or kidney failure
33
How is GFR measured
blood test or creatinine clearance test
34
What are 3 regulators of GFR
1. Renal autoregulation 2. Atrail natriuretic peptide 3. Sympathetic innervation
35
What hormone increases GFR
Atrial natriuretic peptide
36
What hormone decreases GFR
sympathetic innervation
37
Reclamation of substances from filtrate/ tubular fluid
Tubular reabsorption
38
What regulates the reabsorption of water
ADH and Aldosterone
39
What 2 hormones regulate the reabsorption of Sodium
1. Aldosterone 2. Atrial natriuretic peptide
40
What hormone increases sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone
41
What hormone decreases sodium reabsorption
Atrial natriuretic peptide
42
What regulates potassium reabsorption
Degree of sodium reabsorption
43
What regulates Calcium reabsorption
PTH and Calcitonin
44
What regulates hydrogen ion reabsorption
fluctuations in blood pH
45
If blood pH is too low hydrogen ions are
secreted
46
If blood pH is too high hydrogen ions are
reabsorbed
47
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption is regulated by
fluctuations in blood pH
48
excretion of substances that are not needed by the body
tubular secretion
49
tubular secretion prevents accumulation of what 3 things
1. Metabolic/ nitrogenous wastes 2. Hormones 3. Foreign substances
50
Kidney stones are also called
Renal calculi
51
Kidney stones form from buildup of
crystalline minerals in the kidney
52
What are 3 risk factors to developing kidney stones
1. Family history 2. medications 3. dehyrdration
53
Urine is the product of
filtered and processed blood plasma
54
urine is _______ percent water
95
55
urine is ______ percent solutes
5
56
What is the average volume of urine/ day
1-2 L
57
the pH of urine is normally
4.5 - 8.0
58
The urinary bladder is
and expandable muscular container
59
The bladder can comfortably hold
300-400 mL
60
In total the bladder can hold
700-800 mL
61
In males the bladder is _____ to the rectum and _____ to the prostate gland
anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland
62
What is the muscularis layer of the bladder
detrusor muscle
63
The bladder is ______ to the uterus in females
anteroinferior
64
The urethra is lined with
epithelial tissue
65
What 2 sphincters restrict the release of urine
1. Internal urethral sphincter 2. External urethral sphincter
66
The female urethra is how long
3-4 cm
67
The female urethra only passes
urine
68
The male urethra is how long
18-20 cm
69
The male urethra passes
urine and semen
70
The internal sphincter is controlled by what type of muscle
smooth muscle (involuntary control)
71
The external sphincter is controlled by what type of muscle
skeletal (voluntary control)
72
Urination is also called
micturition
73
What are the 2 reflexes associated with urination
1. Storage reflex 2. Micturition reflex
74
With the storage reflex as urine fills the bladder the detrusor _____ and internal urethral sphincter is ________
relaxes and the internal urethral sphincter is contracted
75
With the micturition reflex when the bladder is filled with 200-300 mL of urine the bladder distends which stimulates the detrusor to _______ and internal urethral sphincter to ______
contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax
76
Urinary tract infections occur when
bacteria or fungi multiply within the urinary tract
77
Women are more prone to UTIs due to
shorter urethra and close proximity of urethral orifice to anal orifice
78
When an infection first develops in the urethra it is called
urethritis
79
If an infection spreads to the bladder it is called
cystitis
80
If an infection spreads to the kidney is is called
pyelonephritis
81
What are 2 symptoms of urinary tract infections
1. Frequency of urination 2. Burning with urination
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