What is the significance of renal fascia & fat?
- perinephric fat (adipose capsule)- surrounds the kidneys suprarenal glands
- Renal fascia - is a membranous layer that surrounds the periphrenic fat, kidneys, and suprarenal gland
- Paraphrenic fat-external to the renal fascia
Clinical significance- nephroptosis
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Removal of unwanted substances from the body by formation of urine
-What substances? Toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ingested water, excess mineral salts
Regulation of blood pressure and fluid urine
-How? Reabsorption and secretion of salts, secretion of renin
Maintains constant plasma Ph
How? Excretion of H+ and HCO3
Formation and release certain hormones —> erythropoietin, renin, vit D3
These substances are produced or activated by the kidneys and secreted into the blood
How much urine is secreted?
About 150 quarts of blood plasma
Describe the anatomy of kidneys
Kidneys are bean shaped organs
- superior pole
- inferior pole
Lateral margin-convex
Medial margin-concave and it contains:
-renal sinus(arrows)
-renal hilum
What is the relationship between renal vein and artery at the hilum? Do you see a difference in the length of left and right renal veins?
At the hilum:
- Renal artery enters renal vein and ureter leaves
- Artery divides at the hilum to give five segmentalarteries
- Ureter is posterior
What is the renal capsule?
A connective tissue which protects the kidneys
Renal tissue is organized into:
Medulla: inner striated(stripped) —> arranged in medullary pyramids
Cortex: outer granular
Renal columns is cortical tissue between pyramids
What are the excretory structures?
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
Renal pelvis continues as a ureter
What is the nephron?
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubules
Summarize the events at the nephron
- Filtration from blood plasma into nephron
- Tubular reabsorption from fluid into blood
- Tubular secretion from blood into fluid
What is the order of flow through the nephron?
Glomerulus (filtration) —> bowman’s capsule—> proximal convoluted tubule (Reabsorption and secretion)—> loop of henle (concentration)—> Distal convoluted tubule (has macula densa)(Reabsorption and secretion) —> collecting ducts
Outline renal circulation
Renal artery—> segmental artery —> interlobar artery —> arcuate artery—> interlobular arteries—> Afferent arterioles—> Glomerular capillaries—> efferent arterioles —> peritubular capillaries—> interlobular veins—> arcuate veins—> interlobar veins—> renal vein—> inferior vena cava
What are the ureters?
Muscular tube that conducts urine into the bladder
What are the 3 constrictions of the ureter?
- At the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis
- External iliac just beyond the bifurcation of the common iliac artery (pelvic inlet)
- Through it’s passage through the wall of the urinary bladder
Ureter constrictions are potential sites for kidney stones
What are the layers of the ureter?
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia (it is retroperitoneal like the kidney
Describe the mucosa of the ureter
Transitional epithelium or urothelium
-connective tissue
Describe the muscularis of the ureter
3 layers
- Inner longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Outer longitudinal
Describe the anatomy of the urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular organ located within a fat filled, retro pubic space
Can withstand great distention
Histology:
- transitional epithelium
- Smooth detrusor muscle
- urethra
- internal urethra sphincter= smooth m.
- external urethral sphincter- skeletal
Describe the urinary bladder trigone
Bladder trigone- smooth area of the bladder in the non-distended state
- Ureters- open into the posterior, inferolateral aspect of the bladder
- Urethra- commences at the neck of the bladder as the internal urethral orifice
Describe the internal urethral sphincter
- located at neck of the bladder
- detrusor muscle (smooth muscle.)
- autonomic innervation
Describe the sphincter urethrae (aka: external urethral sphincter)
- associated with membranous urethra
- skeletal muscle.
- innervated by pudendal nerve
Contrast the bladder when it is full and empty
The bladder extends into the abdomen when full
Full- ovoid; protrudes anteriorly & superiorly into the abdominal cavity
Empty- 4-sided pyramid, resides in true pelvis
What are the parts of the male urethra?
- Pre-prostatic
- Prostatic: receives semen form ejaculatory duct
- Membranous: in the deep perineal pouch associated with external urethral sphincter
- Penile: longest part, 2 bends and openings for the bulbourethral glands
What is catheterization of a male?
When inserting a catheter the penis must be manipulated to “straighten out” the bends in the penile urethra
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Cell II32
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Nervous System V19
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Nervous System VII16
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Nervous System IV4
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Nervous System 340
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Nervous System VIII17
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Nervous System IX31
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Nervous System 1-255
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Female Reproductive System32
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Male Reproductive System33
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Urinary System30
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Digestive System III53
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Digestive System 117
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Digestive II28
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Cardiovascular 412
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Respiratory System I-II73
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Lymphatic System50
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Cardiovascular 320
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Cardiovascular 228
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Cardiovasvular System 164
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Muscles 123
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Joints23
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Axial And Appendicular Skeleton17
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Bone And Cartillage29
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Anatomical Terms31
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Integument System26
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Connective Tissue38
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Epithelium41
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Cell 162
