1
Q
What does the upper urinary tract consist of
A
Kidney and ureters
2
Q
What does the lower urinary tract consists of
A
Bladder and urethra
3
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
Nephron
4
Q
The kidney is a vital organ for
A
Homeostasis
5
Q
What is the function of the kidney?
A
Detoxify and filter the blood
excrete metabolic waste
absorb amino acid, ion, glucose and water
maintain normal pH, iron,salt in the blood
6
Q
What is the kidney tissue masses referred to as?
A
Renunculi or ranunculi
7
Q
The most common location for a topic kidney is
A
Pelvis
8
Q
What is the difference in length between the kidneys
A
no more than 2 cm
9
Q
What is the pararenal fat layer covers?
A
Gerota fascia
10
Q
What are the two parts of the kidney?
A
Renal parenchyma and renal sinus
11
Q
What does renal parenchyma consist of?
A
Renal medulla - inner portion
renal cortex- outer portion
12
Q
What is the renal medulla responsible for?
A
Absorption and include renal pyramids
13
Q
What is the renal cortex responsible for?
A
Filtration of the blood
14
Q
What does the renal sinus contains?
A
Renal collecting system
15
Q
What does a collective system compose of?
A
Minor and major cálices
Reno pelvis
Infundibula
16
Q
What’s BUN
A
measure amount of urea nitrogen
17
Q
What’s Creatinine indicate ?
A
amount of creatinine in the skeletal Muscle
18
Q
Increase in BUN and creatinine indicate
A
Renal disease
19
Q
most common congenital Anomaly Is
A
Duplex or Duplicated Collecting system
20
Q
Kidney Size?
A
8-13cm in length
21
Q
Cortex Echogenicity
A
hypoechoic/Isoechoic to liver /spleen/panc
22
Q
Cortical thinning
A
Cortex 1cm or less
23
Q
Medulla
A
-triangular Shaped Medulan Pyramids
Separated by columns of Berting
24
Q
Dromedany Hump
A
- Bulge on the lateral border of kıdny
25
Column of Bertin
- Enlargement of Renal column
26
Horseshoe Kidney
2 kidney cross at midline by connection of lower pole by isthmus
27
MC cause of Acute Renal Failure
Acute tubar Necrosis it’s a ischemic damage and cell obstruction
28
MC cause of Chronic Renal Failure
diabetes Mellitus
29
Difference between Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
Acute is over days or weeks
Chronic is over months or years- lead to end stage renal disease - placed on dialysis
30
Lab values for Acute renal failure
Increase Bun and Creatinine
Oliguraw
31
Lab values for Chronic renal failure
Diabetes
Malaise
increase in Bun and creatinine
Cortical Thinning
32
Most common Renal mass
Simple renal cyst
33
Difference between parapelvic cyst and peri pelvic cyst?
Parapelvic - orginate in Renal parenchyma and protrudes into sinus
Peripelvic- originate from sinus
34
Complex renal cyst
Has debris and septation
Irregular board, papillary projection
35
Autosomal Dominant Polycystis Kidney Diease (ADPKD)
Hereditary
Found in 3rd and 4th decades of life
- Bilateral
36
Autosomal Recessive Polyayst Kidny Dear (ARPKD)
Hereditary
Known as Infantle polycystic kidney disease
dilation of Renal collecting system; recognised in fetus
• If prenatal Death Does not occur, Pt offen dies from renal failure or portal hypertensen
• Bilateral
37
Multicstic Dysplastic Kidney Duease (MCDK)
Early, 1st tri Obstruction of the Ureter
• Asymptomatic;
• Unilateral, smooth walls, non communication,
• MCD kidney is non functienal
38
Acquired Renal cystic disease
Chronic hemodialysis
Pt wl history of dialyses
39
Von Hippel - Lindau Syndrome
Inherited —-> tumer of the central neruus serstm
& orbits
40
Tuberous Sclerosis
Leads to development of tumer with in organ
41
Acute pyelonepnritis “Ascending infection”
Infecten of Kidney, bacteria Spread through bloodstream how lower urinary tract
• Infection From blood up to ureter into kidney
42
Pyonephrosis
Condition of having pus Known as purulent material w/ the collecting system
43
Chronic pyelonephritis
Kidney infection of chronic obstruction may lead to scaring of the Calces & Renal pelvis
Scar appear echogenic and lead to renal Sinus
44
Emphysematomous pyelonophritis
Complication of pyelonophritis is emphysematomous Pyelonophritis
* Gas or air with in the renal parenchyma *
45
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
xantho=yellow
uncommon caused by chronic urinay tract obstructun has staghon horn
46
Renal oR Perinephric Abscess
Renal Abscess affected by pyelonephritis
located adjacent to the kidney
• Gas development within abscess
47
Renal Fungal Disase
mc cause is candıda albıcans
48
Glomentonephitis
Caused by distant infection, suchas Strepthort or autoimmue reaction
Protinora, Hematura, Azotemia, Smokylhine
• Prominent Penal pyramids
49
50
Parasinic Urinan Tract Infection
Mc infection is from schistosomiasis with worm entering human via skin
schistosomiasism = thicken bladder wall
51
52
Hydrone phrosis "Pelocallectaris"
Dilaton of te renal collecting system
53
Intrinsic cause of hydro
Renal Obstructun that are located inside te urinanytraet
54
Extrinsic cause of hydro
Renal Obstructun that are located onside te urinanytraet
55
Uroltniasıs " Renal stone" "Renel calculus" "kidney stone" mc location
Most commen location Ureteruesıcular junction near Urinary bladder
56
Uroltniasıs " Renal stone" "Renel calculus" "kidney stone"
Kidney stnes locate anywhere with in the urınay
Tract (intrinsic cause of hydro )
• Form ın Kidney oR bladder
• Large stone called
Staghum cal alus
57
Nephrocalcinosis
Accumulation of calcum w/in
renal parenchyma
2form
Cortex Nephrocalcinosis and medulla Nephrocalcinosis
58
Medullay sponge Kidney.
•Accumulation of calcium w/in
Dilated collecting ducts within the
medulla
nedullan Nephrocalcinosis→ echogenic
enl Pirămd →Medulla Sponge kidney
59
All benign masses are
Asymptomatic
60
Angromyolipoma
mc benign Penal tumor
"Renal Hamartoma"
• Unilateral
Pt with tuberous sclerosis
- asymptomatic
61
Oncocytoma
Benign tumor Found in me. In their 60’s
and 2nd must commen Renal mass
• Asymptomatic
62
Renal Hemangioma
Consist of mass of blood vessels
• Asymptomanc; occurs 3rd + 4th decade A life
• Small hyperecho,
63
Renal Lipoma
Fatty tumor
Asymptomatic
<5 mm in diameter
64
Renal adenoma
Large tumor leads to hematuria
• Asymptumatic
• Hyperecho, Vascular mass wl internal calcification
• less than 1cm
65
Renal hematoma
• Results from blunt trauma blood accumalation under capsule
66
Renal cell carcinoma “hypernephroma adenocarcinoma”
Malignant Renal Masses
• Near originate from the renal tubular epithelium
• Smoking, Hypertensum, obesity * Tuberous Sclerosis
Increase A RISK OF RCC.
67
Renal transitional cell carcinoma
Malignant mass; Often in Renal pelvis
Also Found win ureter & bladder
• Causes focal dilitian of calices & small lesion
* Mx of smoking, Gross hematuria
* Hypochore, isoechac mass in renal sinus
68
69
Nutcracker Syntume "renal vein entrapment"
Compression oR Entrapment of the left renal vein that passes between SMA & Abd aorta
→ male complan Left testicolar pain
70
Renal artery stenosis
Decrease in diameter of Renal Artenes
Hx of Smoking
Possible Tardus -parvus spectral wacefarm
71
Common cause of RAS
Commen Cause Atherosclerosis
diabetes, THP,
• Suffer from hyperenszon
• Thickening & CalciFicanen of the RA
72
Renal artery Aorta Rato
greater than 3.5
73
74
Renal vein thrombosis
Blood Clot within the renal vein
• Caused by renal tumor , trauma, Renal infection
• Pain, Hematuria
• Heterogeneous Renal echotextre
75
What’s a common complication with renal transplant
RAS
Penal Transpant -"Allugraft"
Placed in RLQ or LLQ
76
77
Wilms Tumors “Nephoblastoma"
Solidtumer in PEDI, before age 5
maginant
Invade renal vein & IVC
Metsize along breast lung and liver
78
Prune belly Syndrome
caused by Mega cystic dilation of bladder
- Mc in male; lead to bladder outlet
obstruction
79
Posterer Urethral value:
dilation of bladder both Ureters and renal collecting system
80
Urachal Anomales
A tubular structire that extend from umbilius And the apex of bladder
81
How does the ureter enters the bladder
Posteriorly at the superior lateral margin of the
Trigone of te bladder
82
Ureterocele
• Cystic dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder
• infection & Stone can be found in the area
• Asymptomatic
• Anechore ballon -like structe win the lumen
83
Ureteral Stone
MC located is Ureterovesiculer junction twinkling Artifact
84
Large and a colic tubular structure that extends from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Megaureter or Hydroureter
85
What are the layers of the bladder?
Mucosa
Submucoa
Muscularis
Serosa
86
What’s is the Wall measurement
4mm or less
87
What is the Measurement of the bladder
L x W x H x 0.56
88
Neurogenic bladder
Caused by brain and spinal trauma( spina bifida)
Rarely wants to urinate
The detridor muscles is not properly working
Trabeculared bladder - thicken wall
89
Bladder Diverticulum
Outpouching in bladder wall
Associated with urethral obstruction and urinary infection
90
Cystitis
Information of the urinary bladder
Most common in woman
Travels from uretha tract to bladder
Chronic cystitis = scarring in tubulated bladder
NOCTURIA
91
NOCTURIA
Frequent urination
92
Bladder Stone
Echogenic mobile shadowing foci within the lumen
Non-shadowing mass and lumen bladder object
To patient to see movement
93
Transitional Cell carcinoma of bladder
most common malignant mor of the bladder
Smooth or hypoechoic or hypoechoic mass and lumen
Solid tour will not be mobile and often demonstrate vascularity 
94
Urethra
Begin at trig one of urinary bladder end at the urethral orifice
Male urethra is longer than woman
Portion of the male surround the prostate
