uro

Question 1

capacity of bladder

Answer 1

300 - 500 ml

(less than a litre)

Question 2

tamsulosin

Answer 2

used for BPH
helps relax the bladder/prostate allow urine to flow through

Question 3

Lower uti drugs

Answer 3

Nitrofurontoin or TMP

Question 4

UTI upper drugs

Answer 4

Khadijah said

Gent
Ceftriaoxone (if go home ?) aor co Amox (if to be admitted)

Question 5

How often do you take co amoz

Answer 5

Every 8 h

Question 6

why would you use a bladder scanner?

Answer 6

to see if the patient has urinary retention e.g like f the patient has a large post void residual so even after thyeve peed they still have a urinary retention

Question 7

signs of urinary retntion

Answer 7

1. discomfort
2. usuprpubic sweeling
3. overflow inconvenience
4. havent been to the toilet in ages

Question 8

how can we measure the amount of urine in the bladder ?

Answer 8

1. bladder scan
2. catheter completely empty the bladder
3. transvaginal

Question 9

indwelling catheter

Answer 9

can stay for weeks, also called a foley
prophylactic abx

Question 10

types of catheters

Answer 10

1. foley/indwelling
2. straight or intermittent
   3.suprapubic

Question 11

ANALGESIA RENAL COLIC

Answer 11

NSAIDS ARE 1ST LINE
IF CI
IV paracetomol
if neither available then consider opiod like tramdol

Question 12

whats contentious in renal colic

Answer 12

giving spasomodyanmic

Question 13

when would you consider admission for a person wit renal colic

Answer 13

1. signs of infection
2. bilateral obstruction
3. evidence of hydronephroiss
   4.pt has previous renal history,ckd, transplant etc
   The person is dehydrated and cannot take oral fluids due to nausea and/or vomiting

Question 14

secondary effects of stones

Answer 14

1. migration
   2.ulceration
2. malignancy
   4.sepsi s
3. obstruction - hydronephrosis

Question 15

investigations of renal colic

Answer 15

1. bloods - check kindey function u+e
2. urine dip - hematuria, nitrites, leukocyte esterase
3. CT KUB - non contrast
4. pain relief - nsaid
5. antiemetic if feeling naseus
6. abx - if infection

Question 16

hot to definitively diagnose renall colic

Answer 16

CT KUB
but if CI- pregnancy or young person ultrasound

Question 17

rf stones

Answer 17

obese
diet in salt , purines (meats )
chronic dehyration
structural kidney abnormalities, - horshoe kideny, pckd
diabetes, IBD, hyperparathyrodim

Question 18

how to treat urinary retention

Answer 18

catherterize

Question 19

urine ph

Answer 19

struvite stones cause by proteus mirabilis

Question 20

causes of retention

Answer 20

often in older male patients who have recently undergone anaesthesia for surgery. SO POST OP
prostate - BPH
UTI
spinal cord problems like CES
Stenosis/stricture
elderly! constipation

4. anticholinergic drugs

Question 21

wbc in urine

Answer 21

UTI
or irration due to something like a stone

Question 22

prevention of stones

Answer 22

Drink 2.5-3 litres of water per day
Avoid carbonated drinks (may acidify urine)
Add fresh lemon juice to water (contains citrate which reduces stone formation)
Eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight
Reduce salt intake
Do not restrict dietary calcium intake

Question 23

What size renal stone can be managed conservatively?

Answer 23

less than 5mm can pass naturally a watch and wait

Question 24

staghorn

Answer 24

proteus
takes the shap of the kideny

Question 25

Postobstructive diuresis

Answer 25

Postobstructive diuresis is a polyuric state in which copious amounts of salt and water are eliminated after the relief of a urinary tract obstruction

Question 26

common agents of UTI

Answer 26

E.coli Proteus mirabilis Klebsiella pneumonia Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Question 27

TYPES OF urinary retention a

Answer 27

acute - more dangerous as you need to alleviate the pressure immedaitely chronic

Question 28

why would you consider a DRE in a case of urinary retention

Answer 28

1. prostate either BPH OR CANCER 2. CES - check tone 3. any other pelevic apthology that could be causing retention like colocn cancer etc

Question 29

how does constipation affect bladder

Answer 29

the rectum enlarges pressing on the urethra squeezing it shut and can lead to retention (elderly ) or the opposite and actually irrates the bladder feelign the need to go more freuqnetly

Question 30

signs of rention

Answer 30

Inability to pass urine Lower abdominal discomfort Pain or distress Suprapubic tenderness Suprapubic mass (due to an enlarged bladder) Delirium (hypoactive or hyperactive)

Question 31

medical management of BPH

Answer 31

Medical therapy such as Tamsulosin and/or Finasteride may be commenced. If medical management fails, patients may be suitable for a transurethral resection of the prostate. If not fit for surgery, patients may require a long-term catheter.

Question 32

PSGN VS IG A

Answer 32

nephritic syndrome, usually happens around 2/3 weeks after an strep infection IG A - days after - c3 usually normal -IG a deposits

Question 33

Which common neurological disorders can cause urinary retention

Answer 33

Stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries