URT

Question 1

Ureteric pain

Answer 1

• Colicky in nature.
• Radiates from lumbar region to groin. (loin to groin pain)
• Usually associated with obstruction.
• E.g. renal stones

Question 2

Vesical pain:

Answer 2

• Arising from the bladder.
• Discomfort in the suprapubic area.
• Usually associated with frequency and urgency.
• E.g. urinary tract infection, cystitis

Question 3

Haematuria causes

Answer 3

• painful: Trauma, renal stones, UTI
• painless: Cancer, glomerulonephritis, BPH

Question 4

Pyuria: pus in the urine

Answer 4

Causes: Cystitis & Pyelonephritis

Question 5

Priapism

Answer 5

• Painful and prolonged erection
• Secondary to leukemia, sickle cell disease, drugs.

Question 6

Phimosis & Paraphimosis

Answer 6

Phimosis: Prepuce cannot be retracted over glans.

Paraphimosis

• Retracted prepuce that cannot be returned over the glans.
• Untreated may result in gangrene.

Question 7

Hernias

Answer 7

• Inguinal:
  
  • Indirect:
    
    • goes thru spematic cord
    • Originates above the inguinal ligament at the internal ring
    • most common hernia
  • Direct: Due to weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal at the external ring.
    
    • Risk factors:
• wt lifters, chronic coughs, chronic constipation
• fingers cannot control when pushed up past internal ring and Pt cughs
• Femoral
  
  • Least common hernia
  • F>M

Question 8

Describe genitourinary examination

Answer 8

INSPECT

• Penis:

Prepuce (smegma), Urethral opening (discharge, e.g. Gonorrhea)

• Glans

ulcers, scars, rashes, nodules, inflammation (e.g.HPV)

• Shaft
• Ulcers, rash (e.g. Herpes–maculopapillar rash on erythematous skin), Lesions(Syphilitic chancre), nodules
• Peyronies Disease: fibrous plagues causing crooked erection
• Testes:
• Masses–hard,painless nodule=malignancy