CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026 > USA > Flashcards

USA Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first European to set foot on North America?

A

Leif Eriksson

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2
Q

What did Leif Eriksson name his discovery in North America?

A

Vinland

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3
Q

Which species of wild grapevines awaited the first colonists of North America?

A
  • Vitis labrusca
  • Vitis rotundifolia
  • Vitis aestivalis
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4
Q

What grapevine species was not found in North America at the time of colonization?

A

Vitis vinifera

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5
Q

What 1619 Virginia law required male colonists to plant vines?

A

Every male colonist at Jamestown had to plant and tend at least 10 vines.

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6
Q

What alcoholic beverages became popular in the 18th century in British colonies?

A
  • Cider
  • Beer
  • Whiskey
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7
Q

Who was a notable advocate for winemaking in America during the founding years?

A

Thomas Jefferson

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8
Q

What was Thomas Jefferson’s view on wine?

A

He viewed wine as a mark of genteel society and ‘the only antidote to the bane of whiskey.’

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9
Q

What was the outcome of Jefferson’s and Washington’s efforts in winemaking?

A

Their efforts ended without a single bottle of wine.

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10
Q

Which grape was brought to Mexico in the early 1500s?

A

Mission grape

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11
Q

Where did Franciscan monks establish vineyards along the West Coast?

A

At each of their historic missions

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12
Q

What is significant about the San Juan Capistrano Mission in California?

A

It produced California’s first wine in 1783.

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13
Q

Who was the first American settler in Napa Valley?

A

George Yount

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14
Q

What event in 1847 significantly impacted wine production in California?

A

The annexation of California from Mexico.

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15
Q

Who is known as the father of California wine?

A

Agoston Haraszthy

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16
Q

What did Agoston Haraszthy introduce to California?

A

More than 300 varieties of grapevines.

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17
Q

What myth is associated with Agoston Haraszthy?

A

He is often credited with introducing Zinfandel in California.

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18
Q

What was a notable part of Agoston Haraszthy’s legend?

A

His spectacular demise in the jaws of alligators in Nicaragua.

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Who founded the oldest winery in Napa Valley?

A

Charles Krug founded his eponymous winery in 1861

Charles Krug’s winery is the oldest in Napa Valley.

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21
Q

In what year was Schramsberg winery built?

A

1862

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22
Q

Which winery is Napa’s oldest continuously operating winery?

A

Beringer, established in 1876

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23
Q

Who founded the Inglenook Winery?

A

Gustav Niebaum in 1880

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24
Q

How many acres were under vine in Napa Valley by the last decade of the 19th century?

A

Nearly 20,000 acres

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25
What was the acreage under vine in Sonoma Valley during the same time?
Over 22,000 acres
26
What significant event affected European vineyards in the late 19th century?
Phylloxera devastation
27
When was phylloxera discovered in Napa and Sonoma?
Early 1870s
28
What American vine species provided salvation from phylloxera?
Vitis riparia and its hybrids
29
What is the common practice for Vitis vinifera vines to combat phylloxera?
Grafted on American rootstocks
30
What type of grapes populated Eastern United States vineyards?
American grapes and hybrids
31
Who produced wine from native grapes on Long Island in the 1840s?
Robert Prince
32
What region in New York was extensively planted with hybrids from 1850 onward?
Finger Lakes
33
What were the dominant American hybrids in the Finger Lakes?
* Catawba * Delaware
34
When was the Pleasant Valley Wine Company established?
1860
35
What was Nicholas Longworth known for?
Producing 150,000 bottles of sparkling Catawba annually
36
What was the third largest winery in the world by the turn of the century?
Stone Hill Winery in Missouri
37
What grape remains the pride of Missouri?
Norton grape
38
Who was the first to understand the resistance of American grape species to phylloxera?
Charles Valentine Riley
39
True or False: The French erected a statue in honor of Charles Valentine Riley.
True
40
Fill in the blank: The first bonded winery in the United States is __________.
Pleasant Valley Wine Company
41
What was the impact of phylloxera on California vineyards?
Wreaked havoc throughout the 1880s and 1890s
42
What significant crisis did America's young wine industry face in 1920?
The 'noble experiment' of Prohibition ## Footnote Prohibition was a nationwide ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.
43
What movement gained power throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries leading to Prohibition?
Christian temperance movements ## Footnote These movements advocated for the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption.
44
Which state was the first to outlaw the sale of alcohol and in what year?
Maine in 1851 ## Footnote Kansas followed in 1881.
45
What constitutional amendment ratified the nationwide ban on intoxicating liquors?
The 18th Amendment ## Footnote This amendment was ratified in 1919 and enacted in 1920.
46
How did Prohibition affect America's wine industry?
It led to a near-total shutdown of the industry ## Footnote A few wineries survived by producing sacramental wines.
47
Which winery thrived during Prohibition by declaring itself the House of Altar Wine?
Georges de Latour's Beaulieu Vineyards ## Footnote This winery adapted to the restrictions by focusing on legal production.
48
What amendment ended Prohibition and when was it ratified?
The 21st Amendment, ratified in 1933 ## Footnote This amendment repealed the 18th Amendment.
49
What percentage of California's wine production was sweet, fortified jug wine in 1935?
81% ## Footnote This reflects the low-quality wine production during the post-Prohibition era.
50
What type of wines flooded the American market after Prohibition ended?
Cheap, generic table wines ## Footnote These wines were often sold under names like Burgundy, Chablis, Port, and Sherry.
51
What shift occurred in the American wine industry from the end of Prohibition through the early 1970s?
A focus on inexpensive, lower-quality wines ## Footnote The industry targeted a generally uneducated domestic market.
52
Where did the bulk of the American wine industry shift to after Prohibition?
California ## Footnote This marked a significant geographical shift for wine production in the United States.
53
Who hired André Tchelistcheff in 1938?
Georges de Latour
54
What significant wine did André Tchelistcheff introduce?
Georges de Latour Private Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon
55
What techniques did Tchelistcheff bring to California winemaking?
* Temperature-controlled fermentations * Controlled malolactic fermentation
56
Which prominent winemakers did Tchelistcheff mentor?
* Robert Mondavi * Louis Martini * Joe Heitz * Mike Grgich
57
What year did Robert Mondavi launch his winery's first harvest?
1966
58
What was significant about the year 1967 in American wine consumption?
Table wines surpassed fortified wines
59
What did Mondavi rename Sauvignon Blanc to?
Fumé Blanc
60
What was a key factor for American wine consumers in the mid-1970s?
Interest in wines tied to their region of origin
61
Which grape varieties emerged as the choice for Napa's producers?
* Cabernet Sauvignon * Chardonnay
62
Who took over production of Monte Bello at Ridge in 1969?
Paul Draper
63
What significant planting did Richard Sanford undertake in 1970?
Planted Pinot Noir in Sanford & Benedict Vineyard
64
What was the first vintage produced under the new name at Mount Eden Vineyards?
1972
65
What did Dr. Konstantin Frank demonstrate in the Finger Lakes?
Vitis vinifera could grow successfully
66
What notable event occurred in 1976 related to wine tasting?
The 1976 Judgment of Paris
67
Which Napa Valley wines placed first in the 1976 Judgment of Paris?
* Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon * Chateau Montelena Chardonnay
68
What was significant about the Diamond Creek Cabernet Sauvignon in 1978?
First Napa Valley bottling to top the $100 mark
69
By 1991, how many acres were planted with Cabernet Sauvignon in California?
30,000 acres
70
What major vineyard disease recurred in California in the 1980s?
Phylloxera
71
What stylistic shift occurred in California winemaking during the 1990s?
Ripeness, body, and higher alcohol levels became popular
72
Name three cult producers that emerged in Napa.
* Screaming Eagle * Colgin * Harlan Estate
73
Fill in the blank: The market for wine criticism and the business of wine grew alongside _______.
[new wineries]
74
What are American Viticultural Areas (AVAs)?
Geographical designations for wine that indicate origin based on distinctive features ## Footnote AVAs were created to demarcate wine regions distinctively from state and county boundaries.
75
When was the first AVA approved in the United States?
In late 1980, Augusta, Missouri was recognized as the first AVA ## Footnote Napa Valley followed in 1981.
76
Which federal bureau oversees the AVA system?
The Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) ## Footnote The TTB was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
77
What percentage of grapes must come from the stated AVA if a wine label lists an AVA?
A minimum of 85% of grapes must originate from the stated AVA ## Footnote This is a requirement for label integrity.
78
What is the minimum percentage of grapes required for wines labeled by county, state, or country?
75% ## Footnote This is lower than the requirement for AVA labeling.
79
What is the minimum percentage of grapes required for wines labeled with a single vineyard?
95% ## Footnote This ensures that the majority of the wine comes from the stated vineyard.
80
For wines labeled with an AVA, what is the minimum percentage of grapes that must come from the stated vintage?
95% ## Footnote This maintains vintage integrity in AVA wines.
81
What is the minimum percentage of a varietal wine that must consist of the stated variety?
75% ## Footnote Vitis labrusca grapes, like Concord, are an exception, requiring only 51%.
82
What must be included on wine labels regarding alcohol content?
Alcohol content must be stated within a margin of plus or minus 1.5% ## Footnote Wines in the 7 to 14% ABV range may be labeled as table wine or light wine.
83
What must all wine labels include in terms of health warnings?
A government health warning and the phrase 'contains sulfites' if applicable ## Footnote This is required if sulfites are present in concentrations of 10 parts per million or more.
84
What is required for a wine to be legally labeled as estate bottled?
100% of the wine must come from grapes grown on land owned or controlled by the winery ## Footnote The winery and vineyards must also be located within the same AVA.
85
What is the size of the Northern Sonoma AVA?
394,088 acres ## Footnote This AVA includes large portions of most of the county's northern AVAs.
86
True or False: If a wine is labeled as California, it must be made solely from grapes grown in California.
True ## Footnote This is an exception to the general rule for labeling by state.
87
What climatic conditions make California well suited for grapegrowing?
Ample sunshine, mild winters, and generally low humidity
88
What are the major winegrowing regions of California?
North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, San Francisco Bay, Sierra Foothills
89
What is the significance of AVAs in California wine production?
They allow smaller AVAs to be blended and still maintain a qualifying AVA with a general sense of origin
90
Which AVAs are located within the North Coast AVA?
Napa Valley AVA, Sonoma Valley AVA
91
What effect do coastal conditions have on California's fine wine production?
Fog and cool sea breezes mitigate temperatures, creating a large diurnal swing
92
What percentage of California's wine is produced from the Central Valley?
75%
93
What are the leading varietal wines produced in California?
Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc
94
Which two grape varieties are mostly confined to the Central Valley for bulk wine production?
French Colombard, Chenin Blanc
95
What is Meritage?
A term for a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine
96
What types of grapes must be used to produce Meritage wines?
Bordeaux varieties
97
What is Zinfandel's historical significance in California?
It dominated vineyards in the late 19th century but fell out of favor
98
What grape is thought to be California's native grape variety?
Zinfandel
99
What research linked Zinfandel to a Croatian grape?
Research by Carole Meredith linking it to Crljenak Kastelanski
100
What grape variety gained popularity due to White Zinfandel in the 1980s?
Zinfandel
101
Name three grape varieties that have receded in acreage in California.
* Charbono * Carignan * Alicante Bouschet
102
What climatic conditions make California well suited for grapegrowing?
Ample sunshine, mild winters, and generally low humidity
103
What are the major winegrowing regions of California?
North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, San Francisco Bay, Sierra Foothills
104
What is the significance of AVAs in California wine production?
They allow smaller AVAs to be blended and still maintain a qualifying AVA with a general sense of origin
105
Which AVAs are located within the North Coast AVA?
Napa Valley AVA, Sonoma Valley AVA
106
What effect do coastal conditions have on California's fine wine production?
Fog and cool sea breezes mitigate temperatures, creating a large diurnal swing
107
What percentage of California's wine is produced from the Central Valley?
75%
108
What are the leading varietal wines produced in California?
Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc
109
Which two grape varieties are mostly confined to the Central Valley for bulk wine production?
French Colombard, Chenin Blanc
110
What is Meritage?
A term for a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine
111
What types of grapes must be used to produce Meritage wines?
Bordeaux varieties
112
What is Zinfandel's historical significance in California?
It dominated vineyards in the late 19th century but fell out of favor
113
What grape is thought to be California's native grape variety?
Zinfandel
114
What research linked Zinfandel to a Croatian grape?
Research by Carole Meredith linking it to Crljenak Kastelanski
115
What grape variety gained popularity due to White Zinfandel in the 1980s?
Zinfandel
116
Name three grape varieties that have receded in acreage in California.
* Charbono * Carignan * Alicante Bouschet
117
What is the epicenter of fine wine production in the US?
California's North Coast ## Footnote The North Coast AVA includes the counties of Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, Solano, and Marin.
118
What is the significance of Napa County in California's wine production?
Home of Napa Valley AVA, preeminent fine wine region, birthplace of American Cabernet Sauvignon ## Footnote Approximately 4% of California's vineyard acreage is in Napa Valley.
119
How many sub-AVAs are there in Napa Valley?
17 sub-AVAs ## Footnote Named for the surrounding mountains and towns of the valley.
120
What are the principal towns located in Napa Valley?
Napa, St. Helena, Calistoga
121
What is the width of Napa Valley at its widest and narrowest points?
Five miles wide at Napa, one mile at Calistoga
122
What climatic effect does the Petaluma Gap have on Napa Valley?
Cool ocean air funnels into the valley ## Footnote This affects temperature and grape growing conditions.
123
Which AVA in Napa is known for sparkling wines?
Carneros
124
What grape varieties are typically produced in Calistoga?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel ## Footnote Calistoga routinely sees daytime summer temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
125
What is the altitude range of Napa Valley's vineyards?
0 to over 2,000 feet above sea level
126
What mountains border Napa Valley?
Mayacamas Mountains to the west, Vaca Mountains to the east
127
What types of soil can be found in Napa Valley?
Volcanic, alluvial, maritime soil types ## Footnote Includes well-drained gravel loam, dense clays, and thin, rocky hillside soils.
128
What characteristics are prized in Cabernet Sauvignon from Napa's hillside vineyards?
Density, dark fruit, concentration ## Footnote Smaller berries with higher acid due to cool temperatures.
129
Name some mountain appellations in Napa Valley.
* Mount Veeder * Diamond Mountain District * Spring Mountain District * Atlas Peak * Crystal Springs of Napa Valley * Howell Mountain
130
What is unique about Howell Mountain AVA?
Wettest and coolest mountain appellation, begins at 1,400 feet elevation ## Footnote First sub-appellation wholly within Napa Valley to receive its own AVA.
131
What is a major concern for hillside growers in Napa Valley?
Erosion ## Footnote Heavy winter rains can wash away topsoil.
132
What is the style of Cabernet Sauvignon produced from valley floor fruit?
More elegant and supple with less intensity of color
133
List some AVAs located on the Napa Valley floor.
* Yountville * Oakville * Stags Leap District * Calistoga * St. Helena * Rutherford
134
What is 'Rutherford dust'?
A unique microclimate and set of soils in Rutherford AVA ## Footnote Results in wines with a firm tannin profile.
135
What characteristics have historically defined Napa Valley Chardonnay?
Opulent, weighty, buttery, oak-driven ## Footnote Some producers are shifting to lighter styles.
136
What other grape varieties are grown in Napa Valley?
* Zinfandel * Merlot * Cabernet Franc * Petit Verdot * Sauvignon Blanc * Petite Sirah * Syrah * Sangiovese * Pinot Noir
137
What grape is heavily planted in Carneros for sparkling and still wine production?
Pinot Noir
138
What is the geographical feature that helps protect Sonoma County's coastal vineyards?
A ridge ## Footnote This ridge protects vineyards from temperatures that would make grape growing difficult.
139
What percentage of California's wine production is Sonoma County responsible for?
6% ## Footnote Sonoma County plays a significant role in the overall wine production of California.
140
Which grape variety is the most planted in Sonoma County?
Chardonnay ## Footnote Chardonnay covers over 16,000 acres in Sonoma County.
141
How many AVAs are there in Sonoma County?
19 ## Footnote AVAs include Alexander Valley, Dry Creek Valley, and Russian River Valley among others.
142
Fill in the blank: _______ is the most planted grape variety in Sonoma County.
Chardonnay
143
What is the requirement for wines produced in Sonoma County from 2011 onward regarding labeling?
Must state Sonoma County on the label ## Footnote This applies regardless of whether an AVA is also indicated.
144
List three AVAs found in Sonoma County.
* Alexander Valley * Dry Creek Valley * Russian River Valley
145
True or False: Sonoma County is located to the east of Napa.
False ## Footnote Sonoma County is located to the west of Napa.
146
Which AVA extends from Napa into the extreme south of Sonoma County?
Carneros AVA ## Footnote Carneros AVA is partially located in both Napa and Sonoma counties.
147
What is the climate classification of the Carneros AVA?
Region I on the Winkler Index ## Footnote The Carneros AVA is characterized by windy and foggy conditions.
148
Which AVAs in Sonoma County are considered Region III?
Alexander Valley and Dry Creek Valley ## Footnote These areas are known for their warmer climate.
149
What factors contribute to the coolest temperatures in the Sonoma Coast AVA?
Altitude, cold ocean air, and persistent coastal fog ## Footnote These elements combine to keep temperatures low.
150
Which grape varieties thrive in the Sonoma Coast AVA?
Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Rhône varieties ## Footnote These varieties are suited to the cool climate of the AVA.
151
When was The West Sonoma Coast AVA approved?
2022 ## Footnote This AVA stretches along the coast from Mendocino to Bodega Bay.
152
How large is The West Sonoma Coast AVA?
141,846 acres ## Footnote It hugs the coastline, providing a unique terroir.
153
What is the primary grape focus of the Russian River Valley AVA?
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay ## Footnote These grapes are produced in fruity, forward styles.
154
What type of soils characterize the Russian River Valley?
Fertile alluvial soils, such as Goldridge sandy loam ## Footnote These soils contribute to the quality of the grapes.
155
Is Green Valley a subregion of Russian River Valley?
No, it is its own unique AVA ## Footnote Green Valley is distinct for its cooler temperatures and Goldridge soil.
156
What is a nested AVA?
An AVA that exists within another AVA ## Footnote Green Valley is a nested AVA within Russian River Valley.
157
What are the prominent producers in the Sonoma Coast AVA?
Hirsch, Marcassin, Peay ## Footnote These producers are known for their high-quality wines.
158
Name some notable producers in the Russian River Valley.
Dehlinger, Joseph Swan, Rochioli, Williams-Selyem ## Footnote These wineries are recognized for their exceptional wine production.
159
Fill in the blank: The coastal vineyards above the marine fog layer may produce wines of _______.
concentration and power ## Footnote This contrasts with the elegance and focus typically associated with cooler climates.
160
What are the northern AVAs located to the north and east of Healdsburg?
Alexander Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Rockpile, Knights Valley
161
Which AVA is the warmest in Sonoma County?
Knights Valley
162
What grape varieties are most prominent in the gravelly soils of Alexander Valley and Knights Valley?
Bordeaux grape varieties, particularly Cabernet Sauvignon
163
How does Alexander Valley Cabernet Sauvignon generally compare to Napa counterparts?
More herbaceous character and less body
164
What types of wine are Dry Creek Valley and Rockpile AVA known for?
Ripe, powerful styles of Zinfandel
165
What is the most established region in Sonoma County?
Sonoma Valley AVA
166
Which grape varieties are successful in Sonoma Valley?
* Zinfandel * Pinot Noir * Chardonnay * Cabernet Sauvignon
167
What is unique about Bennett Valley in Sonoma County?
Favors Merlot due to cooler climate, unsuitable for Cabernet Sauvignon
168
What are the cool, windswept hills of Carneros known for?
American sparkling wine estates
169
Which Champagne house set up an estate in Carneros in the 1980s?
Taittinger
170
What is the Petaluma Gap AVA known for?
Cool climate Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Syrah
171
What geographical feature influences the Petaluma Gap AVA?
Wind and fog
172
Where are Mendocino's best winegrowing regions centered?
Confluence of the Russian and Navarro Rivers
173
What are the AVAs encompassed by the Mendocino AVA?
* Anderson Valley * Potter Valley * Redwood Valley * McDowell Valley * Yorkville Highlands * Cole Ranch * Portion of Mendocino Ridge
174
What happened to the Mendocino AVA in 2014?
Decreased in size to avoid overlapping with Eagle Peak Mendocino County
175
What is unique about Cole Ranch?
Smallest AVA in America with a single vineyard
176
How does Anderson Valley's climate compare to other regions?
One of California's coolest climates
177
What types of wine does the Champagne house Louis Roederer produce in Anderson Valley?
Elegant styles of sparkling wine
178
Which other grape varieties perform well in Anderson Valley?
* Riesling * Gewürztraminer
179
What are the elegant styles of sparkling wine mentioned in California?
Classic sparkling varieties, Riesling, Gewürztraminer ## Footnote These varieties perform well in California's climate.
180
What is the significance of Mendocino Ridge AVA?
Restricted to vineyards at least 1,200 feet above sea level ## Footnote This elevation helps Zinfandel thrive above the fog line.
181
Which is the smallest wine-producing county in the North Coast?
Lake County ## Footnote Despite its size, it has nine AVAs, with Clear Lake being the most prominent.
182
What is the most prominent AVA in Lake County?
Clear Lake ## Footnote It helps buffer hot temperatures despite being inland.
183
What climatic conditions contribute to higher acid retention in grapes in Lake County?
High elevations and cold winters ## Footnote These conditions allow successful grape growing despite hot summers.
184
What does California's Central Coast AVA encompass?
The entirety of California's coastline from San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara County ## Footnote It includes various AVAs like Livermore Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains.
185
Which AVA provides a cool coastal climate with high-altitude vineyards?
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA ## Footnote It is interspersed between miles of redwood forest.
186
What grape variety achieves success in Livermore Valley?
Sauvignon Blanc ## Footnote Wente is the most notable producer in this appellation.
187
What is the main grape variety in Monterey AVA?
Chardonnay ## Footnote It accounts for about 40% of the plantings in this region.
188
What is the significance of the gap in the mountains in Monterey County?
Allows warm air to pull in cool ocean air downstream ## Footnote This creates favorable growing conditions.
189
Which AVA is highlighted for Pinot Noir in Monterey County?
Santa Lucia Highlands AVA ## Footnote It is home to Garys' Vineyard.
190
What is the location of Mount Harlan AVA?
In the Gabilan mountain range to the east of San Benito County ## Footnote Calera produces acclaimed wines from this grape here.
191
What year was Gabilan Mountains AVA established?
2022 ## Footnote It encompasses both Mount Harlan AVA and Chalone AVA.
192
What is the size of the Paso Robles AVA?
614,000 acres, with 40,000 planted acres ## Footnote Paso Robles AVA is a large appellation in San Luis Obispo County.
193
What are the primary soil types in the western reaches of Paso Robles?
Limestone and calcareous soils ## Footnote These soils are prevalent due to cooler marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap.
194
What climatic characteristics are found east of the Salinas River in Paso Robles?
Sandy soil structure, warmer and more arid climate ## Footnote This area contrasts with the cooler western reaches of Paso Robles.
195
Which grape variety has a long history in Paso Robles?
Zinfandel ## Footnote Cabernet Sauvignon became more important in the 1980s with large-scale wineries.
196
Who planted California's first commercial Syrah vines?
Gary Eberle ## Footnote This marked a significant development in the Paso Robles wine industry.
197
What is the world's largest Rhône wine celebration held annually in Paso Robles?
Hospices du Rhône ## Footnote This event highlights the importance of Rhône varieties in the region.
198
Name two other AVAs in San Luis Obispo County.
* York Mountain * Arroyo Grande ## Footnote Other AVAs include San Luis Obispo Coast and Edna Valley.
199
What is the climate like in Edna Valley, and what grape varieties are suitable?
Cool coastal climate, appropriate for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay ## Footnote This AVA is known for its favorable growing conditions.
200
How does Santa Barbara County's coastline differ from other regions in California?
Coastline trends east-west ## Footnote This is in contrast to the typical north-south orientation.
201
What are some AVAs located within the Santa Ynez Valley?
* Sta. Rita Hills * Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara * Ballard Canyon * Los Olivos District ## Footnote These AVAs are part of the unique geography of the Santa Ynez Valley.
202
What legal dispute affected the Sta. Rita Hills appellation?
A dispute with a Chilean winery over the name ## Footnote This led to a legal abbreviation of the appellation name.
203
What has contributed to the interest in winemaking in Santa Barbara County in recent decades?
Success of Richard Sanford's original vineyard ## Footnote This vineyard helped reinvigorate interest in the region's viticulture.
204
When was the Bien Nacido Vineyard planted, and what varieties are primarily grown there?
Planted in the mid-1970s, primarily Pinot Noir and Chardonnay ## Footnote The vineyard is located in the Santa Maria Valley AVA.
205
What is notable about Santa Barbara County's climate for viticulture?
Region I maritime climate with the longest growing season in California ## Footnote This climate is ideal for various grape varieties.
206
What impact did the film 'Sideways' have on Santa Barbara wines?
Public awareness skyrocketed ## Footnote The film celebrated the region and particularly Pinot Noir.
207
Where is the bulk of California's wine produced?
In the Central Valley ## Footnote The Central Valley is divided into the northern Sacramento Valley and the southern San Joaquin Valley.
208
What are the heat summation zones of the Central Valley?
Region IV and Region V ## Footnote These zones are most suitable for fortified wines, table grapes, and raisins.
209
Which company is the second-largest wine producer in the world?
Gallo ## Footnote Gallo is headquartered in Modesto, California.
210
What percentage of Central Valley's wine is produced by Gallo?
Half ## Footnote Gallo's facilities account for a significant portion of the Central Valley's production.
211
What is the general quality of most wine produced in the Central Valley?
Bulk wine quality ## Footnote This type of wine is low in cost and low on character of site.
212
What is the largest and most important AVA in the Central Valley?
Lodi ## Footnote Lodi accounts for over 20% of California's total wine grape production.
213
What climatic feature influences Lodi's cooler temperatures?
Coastal air from the San Francisco Bay ## Footnote A gap in the coastal ranges pulls this air inland over the delta.
214
What is the maximum diurnal temperature shift experienced in Lodi?
45 degrees Fahrenheit ## Footnote This allows for refreshing acidities and bright fruit development.
215
What types of wineries can be found in Lodi?
Large value-oriented brands and small boutique wineries ## Footnote Many boutique wineries specialize in old vine Zinfandel production.
216
List the seven AVA sub-appellations in Lodi.
* Alta Mesa * Borden Ranch * Mokelumne River * Cosumnes River * Jahant * Sloughhouse * Clements Hills ## Footnote These sub-appellations contribute to Lodi's diverse wine production.
217
What are some other notable AVAs in the Central Valley?
* Dunnigan Hills * Clarksburg * Capay Valley * Meritt Island ## Footnote These AVAs also contribute to California's wine diversity.
218
Where is the Sierra Foothills AVA located?
To the east of Sacramento and Lodi ## Footnote It is on the western edge of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
219
What is the most acclaimed style of wine from the Sierra Foothills?
Chewy, spicy, concentrated Zinfandel ## Footnote This style can be sourced from vines dating back to before Prohibition.
220
What is the significance of the University of California at Davis in winemaking?
It is home to a highly regarded institute of viticulture and oenology ## Footnote Many American winemakers are graduates of its programs.
221
What rootstock was affected by phylloxera in the 1980s?
AXR-1 ## Footnote This rootstock was deemed resistant but ultimately succumbed to the pest.
222
What criticism has been levied against UC-Davis?
Its role in the modernization and manipulation of viticulture and wine ## Footnote Some question whether these changes have had a positive impact on the industry.
223
What percentage of total wine production in the U.S. does Washington account for?
Approximately 5% ## Footnote This statistic highlights Washington's significance in the U.S. wine industry.
224
Where are most of Washington's wine regions and vineyards located?
East of the Cascade Mountains ## Footnote This area benefits from the rain shadow effect, creating arid conditions suitable for viticulture.
225
What is the average annual rainfall in eastern Washington?
6 to 12 inches ## Footnote This low rainfall necessitates irrigation for vineyards.
226
Describe the climate experienced in eastern Washington.
True continental climate with hot summers and cold winters ## Footnote Frost and winter freezes pose serious concerns for grape growers.
227
What geological feature underlies most vineyards in eastern Washington?
Basalt bedrock ## Footnote This bedrock is often overlaid by sediments from the Missoula Floods.
228
What catastrophic event contributed to the sediment found in eastern Washington's vineyards?
Missoula Floods ## Footnote These floods occurred at the end of the last ice age, approximately 12,000 to 18,000 years ago.
229
What type of soil is typically found in eastern Washington's vineyards?
Sandy or silty loam soils ## Footnote These soils are derived from flood-borne sediments.
230
What is the largest AVA in Washington State?
Columbia Valley AVA ## Footnote It covers 11 million acres, over one-quarter of Washington's landmass.
231
What are the names of three significant AVAs in Washington nested within Columbia Valley?
* Yakima Valley * Walla Walla Valley * Horse Heaven Hills ## Footnote These AVAs contribute to the diversity of Washington's wine production.
232
When was Yakima Valley approved as Washington's first AVA?
1983 ## Footnote This marked an important milestone in Washington's wine industry.
233
What proportion of Washington's vineyards are located in Yakima Valley?
Over one-third ## Footnote Yakima Valley is a significant contributor to the state's overall vineyard area.
234
Name the five nested AVAs within Yakima Valley.
* Snipes Mountain * Rattlesnake Hills * Red Mountain * Candy Mountain * Goose Gap ## Footnote These nested AVAs each have unique characteristics that influence their wine production.
235
What characteristics define the Rattlesnake Hills AVA?
Higher elevation vineyards ranging from 850 to over 3,000 feet ## Footnote This elevation contributes to unique growing conditions.
236
Which grape variety is most planted in Rattlesnake Hills?
Merlot ## Footnote Other notable varieties include Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon.
237
What is the average rainfall in Red Mountain?
Five inches per year ## Footnote This desert-like climate influences the types of grapes that can be grown.
238
Which AVA is known as Washington's warmest growing region?
Red Mountain ## Footnote This region is also the most densely planted AVA in the state.
239
What reputation has Red Mountain developed in the wine industry?
Noteworthy, tannic Cabernet Sauvignon ## Footnote This reputation stems from the unique climate and soil conditions of the AVA.
240
What is Walla Walla?
A shared AVA between Washington and Oregon that has emerged as a prestige wine region ## Footnote Walla Walla is located southeast of Yakima Valley and Red Mountain.
241
What types of soil are found in Walla Walla?
Basalt bedrock, thin alluvial topsoil, and loess ## Footnote These soils were deposited by the Missoula Floods.
242
How much vineyard acreage has expanded in Walla Walla from 2000 to the early 2020s?
From 450 acres to closer to 3,000 acres ## Footnote This expansion occurred in the first decade of the 21st century.
243
Which grape varieties make up over 80% of Walla Walla's current plantings?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah ## Footnote These are the most acclaimed varieties in the region.
244
Which white grape varieties historically dominated viticulture in Walla Walla?
Chardonnay and Riesling ## Footnote Riesling has achieved more success in Washington than elsewhere in the country.
245
By the early 2010s, which grape varieties surpassed white varieties in total acreage in Walla Walla?
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot ## Footnote These became the state's two most planted varieties.
246
Describe the character of Merlot from Walla Walla.
Distinctively full, sweet, and luscious ## Footnote Many producers believe the future lies in great Cabernet Sauvignon.
247
What are other important commercial grapes in Walla Walla?
Syrah, Gewürztraminer, Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Cabernet Franc ## Footnote These contribute to the diversity of wine production in the region.
248
How many bonded wineries are currently in business in Washington?
Over 1,000 bonded wineries ## Footnote This reflects the growing wine industry in the state.
249
What is Oregon primarily regarded for?
Its Willamette Valley Pinot Noir ## Footnote Oregon is known for its high-quality Pinot Noir production, particularly from the Willamette Valley.
250
Which four AVAs are located on the northern boundary of Oregon with Washington?
* Columbia Gorge * Columbia Valley * Walla Walla Valley * The Rocks of Milton-Freewater ## Footnote These AVAs are situated east of Portland.
251
What is unique about The Rocks of Milton-Freewater AVA?
It is located on an old riverbed within Walla Walla Valley and has a topsoil of basalt cobblestones ## Footnote This AVA was established in 2015 and is known for its potential for Rhône style wines.
252
What notable vineyard is found on the Oregon side of Idaho's Snake River Valley AVA?
A single vineyard planted in an arid region ## Footnote This vineyard represents the easternmost wine production in Oregon.
253
What is the significance of David Lett and Charles Coury in Oregon's wine history?
They were the first to plant Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley in the mid-1960s ## Footnote Their efforts were pivotal in establishing Oregon's reputation for Pinot Noir.
254
What achievement did Lett's 1975 South Block Reserve Pinot Noir accomplish?
It achieved outstanding results in a French competition ## Footnote This success brought validation to the efforts of early Oregon winemakers.
255
What major purchase did Maison Joseph Drouhin make in 1987?
They purchased a property in Dundee Hills ## Footnote This acquisition further validated the potential of the Willamette Valley.
256
How do the Pinot Noir wines from Willamette Valley compare to those from California and Côte d'Or?
They are lighter in style and earthier than California, riper and more forward than Côte d'Or ## Footnote This comparison highlights the unique characteristics of Willamette Valley wines.
257
What climatic conditions characterize the Willamette Valley?
Cool, temperate climate ## Footnote This climate is conducive to growing high-quality Pinot Noir and invites comparisons to Burgundy.
258
True or False: The vintages in Willamette Valley are more consistent than those in Sonoma or Santa Barbara.
False ## Footnote Vintages in Willamette Valley are more variable compared to these regions.
259
Fill in the blank: Oregon's Willamette Valley stretches ______ miles southward from Portland.
120 ## Footnote This distance is significant in defining the region's geography and wine production.
260
Who were some of the other notable early winemakers in the Willamette Valley?
* Dick Erath * Dick Ponzi ## Footnote These winemakers contributed to the growth and recognition of Oregon's wine industry.
261
What are the six smaller AVAs created within the Willamette Valley?
* Dundee Hills * Eola-Amity Hills * Ribbon Ridge * McMinnville * Yamhill-Carlton District * Chehalem Mountains ## Footnote These AVAs were established to understand site differences in the region.
262
How many total sub-AVAs exist in the Willamette Valley as of the latest updates?
Eleven ## Footnote This includes the six original AVAs and five newly created AVAs.
263
What are the names of the five new nested AVAs approved after the original six?
* Van Duzer Corridor AVA (2019) * Laurelwood District AVA (2020) * Tualatin Hills AVA (2020) * Lower Long Tom AVA (2021) * Mount Pisgah Polk County Oregon AVA (2022) ## Footnote These new AVAs allow winemakers to explore different elevations and soil structures.
264
What is the soil series common in the Dundee Hills AVA?
Jory ## Footnote Jory is a well-drained soil series of volcanic origin.
265
What type of soil is more prominent on the western slopes of the Willamette Valley?
Marine sedimentary soils like Willakenzie ## Footnote These soils are noted for contributing to a denser style of wine.
266
What climatic influence impacts McMinnville and Eola-Amity Hills?
Pacific winds funneling through the Van Duzer Corridor ## Footnote This gap in the Coastal Mountains affects the tannic styles of Pinot Noir in these regions.
267
Which AVA has the coolest sites in the Willamette Valley?
Chehalem Mountains AVA ## Footnote It features a number of north-facing vineyards.
268
What is the only red variety of any consequence in the Willamette Valley?
Pinot Noir ## Footnote This variety is dominant in the region, with significant plantings of white grapes as well.
269
Which white grape varieties are significantly planted in the Willamette Valley?
* Pinot Gris * Chardonnay * Riesling ## Footnote These white varieties are vinified in various styles.
270
What is the geographical extent of the Southern Oregon AVA?
From just south of Eugene to the California border ## Footnote It encompasses several other AVAs such as Umpqua Valley and Rogue Valley.
271
What is the warmest and driest growing region west of the Cascades in Oregon?
Applegate Valley AVA ## Footnote This region has a wide range of varieties planted.
272
What is a challenge faced by the Southern Oregon wine region?
Lack of a nearby large market to drive interest and investment ## Footnote Unlike regions with proximity to cities like Portland or San Francisco.
273
What is the minimum percentage of stated variety required for varietal wines from Oregon?
90% ## Footnote This is higher than the standard federal requirement of 75%.
274
What is the minimum percentage of grapes that must be grown in the respective appellation for a wine labeled by an AVA within Oregon?
95% ## Footnote This is stricter than the federal law requirement of 85%.
275
Which state has the nation's third largest vineyard area and is the third largest wine-producing state by volume?
New York ## Footnote However, most grapes are harvested for purposes other than wine.
276
What is the most planted grape variety in New York?
Concord ## Footnote It accounts for about 19,000 of New York's 33,000 vine acres.
277
What percentage of New York's Concord grapes are typically used for wine production?
One third ## Footnote The rest are sold or consumed as table grapes.
278
Name two large Kosher sacramental wineries in New York.
Manischewitz and Mogen David ## Footnote They produce wines from New York Concord.
279
Why have hybrid varieties like Concord dominated New York grape plantings?
They are more winter hardy ## Footnote Vinifera varieties struggle with harsh winters.
280
What challenges do vinifera varieties face in New York?
Spring and autumn frost, winter freeze ## Footnote These conditions can cause dramatic losses in periodic vintages.
281
What American grape species are native to the New York area?
Vitis labrusca and Vitis aestivalis ## Footnote They are naturally adapted to the harsh winter climate.
282
What advantages do French-American hybrids offer for grape growing in New York?
Winter hardiness ## Footnote They allow for a more reliable crop compared to vinifera.
283
Who was key to the development of New York's wine industry?
Dr. Konstantin Frank of Vinifera Wine Cellars ## Footnote Frank helped advance New York wine to meet modern palates, particularly focusing on vinifera varieties.
284
What grape variety is now considered New York's signature variety?
Riesling ## Footnote This variety was championed by Dr. Frank in the Finger Lakes region.
285
What term describes the unpalatable character often associated with hybrid varieties?
Foxy ## Footnote Historically, wine critics referenced this term when discussing hybrid varieties.
286
Name two deep Finger Lakes that have their own AVAs.
Seneca Lake and Cayuga ## Footnote These lakes are significant within the Finger Lakes AVA.
287
What effect does the lake have on vineyards in the Finger Lakes?
The lake effect moderates temperatures ## Footnote It cools the vines in summer and warms them in winter.
288
What types of wines did Finger Lakes wineries focus on in the mid-to-late 1800s?
White and sparkling wines from French-American hybrids ## Footnote This focus marked the early history of the region's wine production.
289
What is the flagship grape of the Finger Lakes region today?
Riesling ## Footnote It can be made across the sweetness spectrum and is known for its complexity.
290
List three other grape varieties that have found success in the Finger Lakes.
* Chardonnay * Gewürztraminer * Pinot Noir ## Footnote Cabernet Franc and a small amount of Merlot also thrive in this region.
291
Where is the Long Island AVA located?
East of New York City, separated from Connecticut by Long Island Sound ## Footnote This area has a warmer climate than other parts of New York.
292
What Bordeaux varieties are cultivated in the Long Island AVA?
* Cabernet Franc * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot ## Footnote Other varieties include Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, and Riesling.
293
How does the Atlantic Ocean affect the vineyards on Long Island?
It moderates temperatures to ward off frost ## Footnote It also cools vines during hot summers.
294
What are the two narrow forks at the end of Long Island called?
North Fork of Long Island AVA and Hamptons, Long Island AVA ## Footnote Each fork has its own AVA designation.
295
What is the Hudson River Region AVA known for?
The Hudson River Region AVA is known for its cool climate, largely planted with hybrids, and some quality Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc ## Footnote It follows the southern course of the Hudson River and is influenced by Atlantic breezes
296
What is the significance of Brotherhood Winery?
Brotherhood Winery is the United States' oldest continually operating winery, founded in 1839 ## Footnote It is located in the Hudson River Region AVA
297
What types of varieties are focused on in the Upper Hudson AVA?
The Upper Hudson AVA focuses on hybrid varieties ## Footnote It is located north of Albany
298
Which AVA is known for its ice wines?
The Niagara Escarpment AVA is recognized for its ice wines, many produced from Vidal ## Footnote It is moderated by Lake Ontario
299
What is the Lake Erie AVA primarily known for?
The Lake Erie AVA is better known for jelly and juice than for wine, particularly known for Concord grapes ## Footnote It is the largest vineyard area outside California and is shared with Ohio and Pennsylvania
300
How many viticultural areas does Texas have?
Texas has eight viticultural areas ## Footnote This includes the Texas Hill Country AVA, which spans nine million acres
301
List some states that support small but substantial wine industries.
* New Jersey * Virginia * Missouri * Michigan * Florida * Kentucky * Minnesota * Arizona * New Mexico * Ohio * Illinois * North Carolina * Colorado * Idaho ## Footnote Quality and variety in these states can sometimes be surprising
302
What is notable about the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA?
The Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA became America's largest demarcated appellation with formal approval in 2009 ## Footnote It spans nearly 30,000 square miles across Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois
303
Fill in the blank: The Niagara Escarpment AVA traces the same _______ formation that extends into Canada's Niagara Peninsula.
limestone
304
True or False: Most wine produced in the US is sold and consumed locally.
True
305
What types of wines can be surprising from states like New Mexico and Virginia?
Good renditions of sparkling wine from New Mexico and Virginia Nebbiolo ## Footnote Texas produces Tempranillo and Michigan produces Riesling
306
307
Lake county
308
Mendocino
309
Los Ángeles
310
San Benito
311
Napa Valley
312
Sacramento and lodi
313
San Luis obispo
314
Solano
315
Southern california
316
Yolo county
317
New York
318
Oregon
319
Washington
320
Texas
321
California
CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026
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