v4

Question 1

Gingivitis: Biofilm-Induced

Answer 1

Red, swollen, bleeding gums with plaque; no attachment loss.

Inflammation caused by plaque biofilm, without irreversible tissue loss.

Question 2

Gingivitis: Systemic/Local Factors

Answer 2

Exaggerated inflammation for the amount of plaque present.

Plaque-induced inflammation worsened by a systemic (e.g pregnancy) or local factor (e.g overhang).

Question 3

Gingivitis: Drug-Influenced

Answer 3

Firm, fibrotic gingival overgrowth with history of specific medication.

Gingival enlargement caused by medication, worsened by plaque.

Question 4

Necrotizing Gingivitis (NG)

Answer 4

Painful, ‘punched-out’ papillae with grey film; no attachment loss.

Acute infection of the gums without loss of bone.

Question 5

Necrotizing Periodontitis (NP)

Answer 5

Signs of NG plus rapid attachment and bone loss.

Severe infection causing rapid destruction of tooth-supporting structures.

Question 6

Necrotizing Stomatitis (NS)

Answer 6

Necrosis extending beyond gums to cheeks, palate, or bone.

Widespread, severe infection destroying extensive oral tissues.

Question 7

Non-Biofilm gingival disease: Immune Condition

Answer 7

White, lacy striae or painful red, erosive lesions.

An autoimmune process causing characteristic oral lesions.

Question 8

Non-Biofilm gingival disease: Neoplasm

Answer 8

Persistent, unexplained growth, ulcer, or red/white patch.

A suspicious lesion that could be benign or malignant.

Question 9

Periapical Abscess

Answer 9

Pain, swelling, and apical radiolucency on a radiograph.

Pus at root apex from an infected, necrotic tooth.

Question 10

Bruxism

Answer 10

Flattened, worn, or fractured teeth; jaw pain reported.

Tooth wear and jaw pain from parafunctional grinding/clenching.

Question 11

Dentin Hypersensitivity

Answer 11

Short, sharp pain from exposed dentin to specific stimuli.

Pain from open dentinal tubules, after excluding other causes.

Question 12

Tooth Erosion

Answer 12

Smooth, ‘scooped-out’ enamel loss from a chemical source.

Tooth dissolution from acid, not from bacterial origins.

Question 13

Gingival Recession

Answer 13

Gumline has migrated, exposing the root surface of teeth.

Apical shift of the gingival margin exposing the root.

Question 14

Malocclusion

Answer 14

Misaligned teeth and jaws affecting the bite and function.

An improper bite due to misaligned teeth and/or jaws.

Question 15

Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

Answer 15

Removable white plaques on oral tissues, leaving red base.

Fungal overgrowth on oral tissues, often in immunocompromised.

Question 16

Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)

Answer 16

Lack of saliva, fissured tongue, and patient-reported dryness.

Reduced saliva flow, increasing decay and gum disease risk.

Question 17

Halitosis (Bad Breath)

Answer 17

A noticeable malodor is coming from the oral cavity.

Odor from bacteria, food debris, or underlying dental issues.

Question 18

Cracked Tooth Syndrome

Answer 18

Sharp pain specifically on biting down or releasing pressure.

An incomplete tooth fracture causing pain upon biting.

Question 19

Impacted Tooth

Answer 19

A tooth has failed to erupt into the mouth.

Radiograph confirms an unerupted tooth within the jawbone.

Question 20

TMD

Answer 20

Jaw joint pain, clicking sounds, and limited jaw movement.

Dysfunction of the jaw joint and its associated muscles.

Question 21

Pericoronitis

Answer 21

Inflamed, painful gum flap over a partially erupted tooth.

Infection of the gum tissue around a partially erupted molar.

Question 22

Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket)

Answer 22

Severe pain and exposed bone days after an extraction.

Loss of the blood clot from an extraction socket.

Question 23

Aphthous Ulcer (Canker Sore)

Answer 23

Painful, recurrent, non-contagious ulcer with a red halo.

A common, non-infectious ulcer on the oral mucosa.

Question 24

Attrition and Abrasion

Answer 24

Mechanical tooth wear from grinding or external forces.

Tooth structure loss from grinding (attrition) or habits (abrasion).

Question 25

Dental Fluorosis

Answer 25

Symmetrical white or brown mottling/staining on enamel. ## Footnote Enamel defects from excessive fluoride intake during development.

Question 26

Extrinsic Staining

Answer 26

Removable discoloration on the tooth surface from diet/lifestyle. ## Footnote Staining on the tooth surface from coffee, tea, tobacco.

Question 27

Aphthous Ulcer Clinical Summary

Answer 27

Round/oval, grey-yellow base, distinct red 'halo'. ## Footnote History of recurrence on non-keratinized (movable) mucosa.

Question 28

Traumatic Ulcer Clinical Summary

Answer 28

Irregular shape, yellow-white base, inflamed red border. ## Footnote Direct link to a specific physical or chemical injury.

Question 29

Herpes Simplex Clinical Summary

Answer 29

Cluster of small ulcers, preceded by vesicles; crusts on lips. ## Footnote Prodrome, vesicle stage, and classic location on keratinized tissue.

Question 30

Oral Lichen Planus Clinical Summary

Answer 30

Painful red ulcers with adjacent white, lacy lines (striae). ## Footnote Bilateral presentation with characteristic Wickham's striae is pathognomonic.

Question 31

Pemphigoid Clinical Summary

Answer 31

Large, raw, red ulcers; may see ruptured blisters. ## Footnote Fragile epithelium (positive Nikolsky's sign), blistering nature.

Question 32

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clinical Summary

Answer 32

Non-healing ulcer, raised/rolled/hard borders; may be red/white. ## Footnote Persistence (>2 weeks), induration (hardness), and high-risk location.

Question 33

Coxsackievirus (HFMD) Clinical Summary

Answer 33

Multiple small ulcers; patient has fever, hand/foot lesions. ## Footnote Patient age (child), fever, and characteristic extra-oral lesions.