What is the definition of artificial active immunity?
Inducing an immune response without the symptoms of the disease by introducing antigens into the body.
What are the two main ways antigens for vaccines are introduced into the body?
- Injection (e.g., MMR)
- Orally (e.g., poliomyelitis vaccine).
What factors influence the choice of a specific vaccine type?
Pathogen characteristics, desired immune response, safety considerations, and delivery method.
What are Live Attenuated Vaccines?
Vaccines containing weakened (attenuated) forms of the disease-causing pathogen.
Why are live attenuated vaccines so effective?
They closely mimic natural infections, stimulating a strong and long-lasting immune response.
Name four examples of live attenuated vaccines.
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), oral polio vaccine (OPV), and varicella (chickenpox).
Who should avoid live attenuated vaccines and why?
Immunocompromised individuals, because there is a risk the vaccine strain could cause disease in them.
What are Inactivated Vaccines?
Vaccines containing killed or inactivated forms of the pathogen.
What is a major advantage of inactivated vaccines regarding safety?
They cannot cause the disease and are safe for use in immunocompromised individuals.
What is a limitation/requirement of inactivated vaccines to maintain immunity?
They may require booster doses.
Name three examples of inactivated vaccines.
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis A vaccine, and influenza vaccine.
What do Subunit Vaccines contain?
Purified components of the pathogen (proteins, polysaccharides, or surface antigens) rather than the whole organism.
How are Recombinant Vaccines produced?
Using genetic engineering/DNA technology to express specific pathogen antigens in host cells.
What is the mechanism of a Conjugate Vaccine?
They combine a weak antigen (like a polysaccharide) with a carrier protein to enhance the immune response.
Why are conjugate vaccines particularly useful?
They are effective in young children who might not respond well to the weak antigen alone.
Name three examples of subunit, recombinant, or conjugate vaccines.
HPV vaccine, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
What is a Toxoid Vaccine?
A vaccine containing inactivated toxins produced by bacteria rather than the bacteria themselves.
Name two examples of toxoid vaccines.
Whooping cough vaccine and some types of food poisoning vaccines.
How do Viral Vector Vaccines work?
They use modified viruses (vectors) to deliver genes encoding specific pathogen antigens into host cells.
Name two examples of viral vector vaccines.
Certain COVID-19 vaccines and the Ebola vaccine.
What are Nucleic Acid Vaccines?
Vaccines (DNA or mRNA) that deliver genetic material encoding pathogen antigens into host cells so the body produces the antigens itself.
Give an example of a nucleic acid vaccine.
Certain COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA).
pathogen state of live attenuated
weakened
pathogen state of linactivated
killed
-
circulatory system177
-
respiratory system77
-
biological molecules part 1131
-
endocrine system77
-
nervous system67
-
musculoskeletal system76
-
lymphatic system46
-
integumentary system35
-
digestive system34
-
cells and cell membranes100
-
nucleic acids71
-
transcription / translation23
-
immune system200
-
immune pt 2 handbook46
-
vaccines and stuff32
-
3.1 + 3.255
-
diagnostic tests20
-
cancer98
-
administration12
-
extras3
-
chemical tests20
-
dna10
