validity

Question 1

whats it called where people change their behaviour to make themselves appear better and how do u fix this

Answer 1

-social desirability bias
-observe people without their knowledge/make questionnaires anonymous so they know their data wont be attributed to them

Question 2

whats anything to do with individual differences that could affect performance or results called and how do u fix this

Answer 2

-participant variables
-use matched pairs design/repeated measures design/randomly allocate participants

Question 3

whats it called where the participant guesses the aims of study so changes behaviour, and how do you fix this

Answer 3

-demand characteristics
-use deception so participants don’t know the aims of the study so can’t guess what researcher is looking for

Question 4

whats it called where the results may not still apply today and how to fix this

Answer 4

-temporal validity
-retesting new participants on old study procedures

Question 5

whats it called w anything to do w the test environment that could affect results (type of EV/CV if affecting one condition only) and how to fix this

Answer 5

-situational variables
-control using standardised procedures where both condition environments are kept the same

Question 6

whats it called where the results cant be generalised to other settings because the experimental setting was too artificial, and how to fix this

Answer 6

-ecological validity
-make the setting of the study and the task that participants do feel more like a real life scenario

Question 7

what’s it called where the researchers expectations, beliefs or personal characteristics unintentionally influence the results of a study and how to fix this

Answer 7

-investigator bias
-use a double blind design whereby experimenter is employed to collect the data without knowing the aims of the study

Question 8

whats it called where the results cannot be generalised to any other people other than the sample in the study and how to fix this

Answer 8

-population validity
-make the sample representative and unbiased as possible (can use stratified sampling method)

Question 9

what is internal validity

Answer 9

-whether effects observed were due to the manipulation of IV or some other factor
-determining if there was a causal relationship between IV and DV

Question 10

what is external validity

Answer 10

-how generalisation the measure is to other situations/settings, populations/times

Question 11

whats the difference between ecological validity and mundane realism

Answer 11

MR: how much we feel like the task we are doing is real
EV: the type of validity impacted by mundane realism

Question 12

what often occurs between the two internal and external types of validity and why

Answer 12

-a trade off
-the more you control confounding variables the less likely you are to have external validity
-but the more you allow for external validity, the more you allow for the effects of confounding variables

Question 13

in general, what type of validity do researchers look for

Answer 13

-internal validity
-if results need to be applied then external valdiity is favoured

Question 14

how would you evaluate using types of validity

Answer 14

-is it appropriate to have internal over external validity?

Question 15

when would you especially want high internal validity

Answer 15

-when the research aims to critique a theory thats been accepted for decades
-BOMB proof

Question 16

how to assess face validity

Answer 16

-different researchers assess whether the test being carried out is appropriate and may suggest improvements
-requires intuitive measurements
-assess test on surface value if it looks like it sets out what it intends to measure

Question 17

when is there a high face validity

Answer 17

if all researchers agree the measure is measuring what it intends to

Question 18

how to improve internal (face) validity

Answer 18

-if the measure has poor face validity
-questions should be revised in line with expert advice
-so they relate more obviously with the topic

Question 19

how to assess internal (concurrent) validity

Answer 19

-compare the results of a new test with those from an older, validated test
-expect to get similar results on both measurements (positive correlation)

Question 20

how would you improve concurrent (internal) validity

Answer 20

-if low
-researcher should remove questions which may seem irrelevent
-try checking concurrent validity again

Question 21

how to assess predictive validity

Answer 21

-judging the ability of the test to anticipate the performance on a future test
-does it have good predictive power? like mocks
-if the measure can predict well the results on a future test, then s high predictive validity

Question 22

if predictive validity is low, how would researchers improve this

Answer 22

-researcher should check that measures in both tests are truly comparable and make sure to control for any extraneous variables

Question 23

how to asses what foes on within the test (internal validity) (comparison)

Answer 23

-compare the current method of measuring against a previously validated one
-give both tests at the same time and correlate their scores

Question 24

how to asses the internal validity with what goes on within the test (CF)

Answer 24

-assess if any confounding variables or any demand characteristics/ social desirability bias/ experimenter bias

Question 25

how to improve what goes on within the test

Answer 25

-revise questions if they appear to not have face validity -remove questions until concurrent validity obtained -demand characteristics: single blind technique -investigator effects: use double blind technique

Question 26

how to assess external validity (what goes on after the test)

Answer 26

-can we generalise? -generalise to other populations or settings? -assess if there's mundane realism?

Question 27

how to improve external validity

Answer 27

-repeat in different settings -with different participants -make the task more realistic (would you look weird doing it in everyday life)