ventilation

Question 1

Which muscles are responsible for raising the rib cage during ventilation?

Answer 1

the external intercostal muscles

Question 2

Which muscles are responsible for lowering the rib cage during ventilation?

Answer 2

The internal intercostal muscles

Question 3

what volume and pressure changes occur in the thorax during respiration?

Answer 3

During inhalation, the volume of the thorax increases and the pressure of the thorax decreases
During expiration, the pressure of the thorax increases and the volume of the thorax decreases

Question 4

In the mammalian gas exchange system, what is the trachea?

Answer 4

A flexible airway lined with cartilage rings that support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing, air moves towards and away from the lungs.

Question 5

Where are goblet cells found?

Answer 5

ciliated epithelium

Question 6

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 6

secrete mucus which traps inhaled dust and microorganisms

Question 7

What do the cilia do?

Answer 7

beat the mucus away from the lungs.

Question 8

How are cilia adapted?

Answer 8

have lots of mitochondria for the energy required to move the mucus.

Question 9

What is the function of the elastic fibres in the walls of the bronchi and bronchiole?

Answer 9

The elastic fibres recoil to help squeeze air out of the lungs.

Question 10

What is the function of the smooth muscle walls in the walls of the bronchioles?

Answer 10

dilates and contracts to control the amount of air flowing into the lungs.

Question 11

What is the structure of an alveoli?

Answer 11

tiny air sacs with one-cell-thick layer of epithelial cells.

Question 12

What is the structure of a capillary?

Answer 12

Blood vessels with one-cell-thick layer of endothelial cells.

Question 13

How are alveoli adapted for their function?

Answer 13

1. alveolar epithelium is one-cell-thick allowing a short diffusion pathway.
2. Lungs contain a large amount of alveoli, large surface area.
3. Steep concentration gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 14

How is a steep concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide maintained between the alveoli and the capillaries?

Answer 14

There is constant ventilation
There is a good blood supply

Question 15

What piece of equipment is used to measure the changes in volume in the lungs?

Answer 15

spirometer

Question 16

How is a spirometer used?

Answer 16

1. First, the participant is prevented from breathing through their nose.
2. they begin breathing, the lid of the spirometer moves up and down.
3. movement is recorded by a pen, producing a trace showing waves

Question 17

What compound is used in a spirometer to absorb carbon dioxide?

Answer 17

soda lime

Question 18

What is the meaning of the term “tidal volume”?

Answer 18

volume of air breathed in and out in one breath during normal breathing.

Question 19

What is the meaning of the term “vital capacity”?

Answer 19

the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath.

Question 20

what is the meaning of the term “inspiratory reserve volume”?

Answer 20

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over normal inhalation.

Question 21

what is the meaning of the term “expiratory reserve volume”?

Answer 21

maximum volume of air you can push out of your lungs over the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out.

Question 22

what is the meaning of the term “residual volume”?

Answer 22

the volume of air that is left in your lungs after you have exhaled as hard as possible

Question 23

what is the meaning of the term “total lung capacity”?

Answer 23

the sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume.

Question 24

What is the function of the elastic fibres found in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 24

• The elastic fibres recoil to help squeeze air out of the lungs.