To Be - Present
I am
You are
He / She/ It is
We are
You are
They are
- Interrogativas e negativas, a partir de orações afirmativas:
A: She is a very interesting woman.
I: Is she a very interesting woman? (inversão sujeito-verbo)
N: She isn’t a very interesting woman. (acréscimo da partícula not após o verbo)
To Be - Past
I was
You were
He / She / It was
We were
You were
They were
Verb There to be
Verbo haver (português).
- There is (singular) e There are (plural) no presente
Ex.: There is an accident on the road
Ex.: There are new candidates now
- There was (singular) e There were (plural) no passado
Ex.: There was a good film on tv last night
Ex.: There were lots of people here
- Interrogativas: Is there…
- Negativas: There aren’t
Imperative Verbs
Utilizado para expressar ordens, avisos, conselhos ou pedidos
- Afirmativo: basta usar o verbo no infinitivo sem to
Ex.: Write down the information.
Ex.: Open the door.
Ex.: Watch out! (cuidado)
Ex.: Beware of the dog! (cuidado)
- Negativo: coloca-se don’t antes do verbo
Ex.: Don’t cross the line.
Ex.: Don’t open the door.
O que são Modal Verbs?
Verbos que trazem ideias (obrigação, possibilidade, capacidade e outras) e não ações.
- Can, could, may, might
- Should, had better, ought to
- Must
Modal Verbs: characteristics
- Não há acréscimo de –s na 3ª pessoa: He may go to work now;
- Não há auxiliares em perguntas ou negativas: Can she dance? No, she can’t dance;
- Unem-se a outro verbo sem a partícula to: You should leave now. (há exceção);
“He is musting study more.”
O que há de errado na frase?
Não se deve usar o ing com modal verbs
He is must study more.
“They will can run 5 miles non-stop.”
O que há de errado na frase?
Não há futuro para modal verbs.
They can run 5 miles non-stop.
“He musted work to survive.”
O que há de errado na frase?
Não se deve contrair o modal verb (must) para o passado
He must work to survive.
Principais ideias trazidas pelos Modal Verbs Can / Could e May / Might
- Permissão
Ex.: Can – Could – May I watch TV now? (do menos ao mais formal). - Capacidade
Ex.: I can speak English now, but I couldn’t when I was 5. (presente e passado). - Possibilidade
Ex.: It may – might get cold tonight. (Pode, nos 2 exemplos).
Ex.: It may - might rain today
Principais ideias trazidas pelos Modal Verbs Should / Had better / Ought to
- Sugestão:
Ex.: You should – had better – ought to read more. (não há diferenças)
Obs.: Ought é o único modal verb que leva a partícula to. - Conclusão pessoal:
Ex.: It’s raining. I had better take an umbrela.
Como saber o que é o ‘d?
Pode ser a contração de Had ou Would, apenas:
- Would: Se o verbo da frase estiver no infinitivo sem o to
Ex.: He’d go if he could
Ex.: He’d buy the jacket if he had the money.
- Had: Será quando o caso acima não ocorrer
Ex.: He’d bought the jacket before winter came. (‘d = had – bought é um particípio passado).
Ex.: He’d better buy that jacket. (‘d = had – mesmo buy sendo infinitivo, há o better).
Principais ideias trazidas pelo Modal Verb Must
- Obrigação:
Ex.: We must obey our parents.
Ex.: We must pay taxes - Dedução:
Ex.: She has faced a dangerous situation. She must be horrified.
Ex.: Look at those clouds! It must rain - Proibição:
Ex.: You musn’t open this door!
Quais expressões utilizar para trazer a ideia de ‘‘não obrigação’’?
- You don’t have to – don’t need to – needn’t copy this.
- You don’t have to - don’t need to do it now
Obs.: You needn’t do it now (Inglês britânico)
Principais ideias trazidas pelos Modal Verbs Used to / Would / Would rather
- Hábito passado:
Ex.: He used to – would drink milk in the mornings when he was a child. (costumava)
Ex.: I used to - would climb trees when I was younger - Preferência: note as diferenças na construção das frases:
Ex.: I would rather read a book than watch TV. (preferir)
Ex.: I prefer reading a book to watching TV.
Ex.: I would rather travel than stay home
Ex.: I prefer travelling to staying home
Alternative ways: May
may = be allowed to
Ex.: You may eat this candy now = You are allowed to eat this candy now.
Ex.: You may leave now = You will be allowed to leave
Alternative ways: Can
can = be able to
Ex.: My mom can cook very well = My mom is able to cook very well.
Ex.: He can speak japanese. But he will be able to write in a year
Alternative ways: must
must = have to
Ex.: You must talk to your boss every morning = You have to talk to your boss every morning.
Ex.: You must drink 2l of water a day = You will have to eat better due to your diabetes
Past ideas: Modal Verbs
- Modal verb + Have + Verbo no past participle
1) Possibilidade
Ex.: She might have helped me, but she didn’t. (Ela poderia ter ajudado)
Ex.: She might have passed
2) Obrigação
Ex.: You must have done it yesterday
3) Sugestão
Ex.: He should have driven carefully
Obs.: atenção à contração – must’ve / should’ve / could’ve / might’ve
Principais ideias trazidas pelo Modal Verb Shall
- Previsão:
Ex.: “We all shall die one day.” - Informar sobre o futuro:
Ex.: “I shall contact you again when we reach a final decision at the office.”
Ex.: I shall need your help tomorrow - Pedir instruções
Ex.: “Shall I tell everyone the truth?” - Obrigação: comum em textos formais:
Ex.: “All information between persons involved in this project shall be kept confidential.”
Ex.: The owner shall be responsible for any damage - Dar sugestões
Ex.: “Shall we take a break?”
Ex.: Shall we eat pizza tonight?
Principais usos para o simple present
- Hábito / Rotina:
Ex.: I watch TV every night.
Ex.: I get up at 6 every day - Verdades absolutas:
Ex.: The sun rises in the east.
Ex.: Ambulances save people - Futuro com horário fechado:
Ex.: The plane takes off at 9 tomorrow. (decola)
Ex.: My train arrives at 8 tomorrow
Simple Present - Formas
- Afirmativa: adicionar s ao verbo na 3ª pessoa do singular (he-she-it)
a. I/You/We/They work a lot.
b. He/She/It works a lot. - Interrogativas: adicionar s ao auxiliar do (does). O verbo não deve sofrer modificação alguma.
a. Do I/you/we/they work a lot?
b. Does he/she/it work a lot? - Negativas: cadicionar s ao auxiliar don’t (doesn’t). O verbo não deve sofrer modificação alguma.
a. I/ You/We/They don’t work a lot.
b. He/She/It doesn’t work a lot.
Em quais verbos deve ser adicionado o es ao invés de apenas o s no caso do Simple Present?
Nos verbos terminados em -o, -s, -sh, -ch e -x
Ex.: She watches
Present Continuous: Estrutura
Sujeito + verbo to be (presente) + verbo principal (-ing, gerúndio):
Ex.: I am working now.
Ex.: She is cooking her meal.
Ex.: He is driving
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Pronouns35
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Verbs49
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Verbs II41
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Phrasal verbs65
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irregular verbs71
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Adjectives, Articles, Wich32
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Nouns, Conditionals34
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Prepositions, Genitive Case, Passive Voice40
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Adverbs, Much / Many / A little / A few, Question Tag44
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Linking Words, Either / Neither / Also / Too49
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Agreement and Disagreement, Report Speech, American and British English26
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Caderno de Erros78
