water

Question 1

are suitable for use in most analytic laboratory procedures

Answer 1

Reagent grade or analytic reagent (AR)

Question 2

have additional purification steps for use in specific procedures such as chromatography, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, standardization, or other techniques that require extremely pure chemicals

Answer 2

ultrapure, chemically pure (CP)

Question 3

Used in manufacturing drugs

Answer 3

United States Pharmacopeia (USP);

Question 4

Used in manufacturing drugs

Answer 4

National Formulary (NF); and

Question 5

used primarily in manufacturing and should never be used in the clinical laboratory.

Answer 5

technical or commercial grade

Question 6

impurity limitations are not stated, and the preparation of these chemicals is not uniform.

Answer 6

ultrapure, chemically pure (CP)

Question 7

not recommended that clinical laboratories use these chemicals for reagent preparation unless further purification or a reagent blank is included.

Answer 7

ultrapure, chemically pure (CP)

Question 8

limitations established for this group of chemicals are based only on the criterion of not being injurious to individuals.

Answer 8

National Formulary (NF); and
United States Pharmacopeia (USP);

Question 9

Chemicals in this group may be pure enough for use in most chemical procedures, but the purity standards they meet are not based on the needs of the laboratory and may or may not meet all assay requirements

Answer 9

National Formulary (NF); and
United States Pharmacopeia (USP);

Question 10

A committee of the _________ established specifications for AR grade chemicals, and chemical manufacturers must either meet or exceed these requirements

Answer 10

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Question 11

highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to have an exact known concentration and purity.

Answer 11

Primary standard

Question 12

are used in place of ACS primary standard materials due to tolerance limitations of some biologic constituents.

Answer 12

SRM

Question 13

made the standard reference materials

Answer 13

nist

Question 14

NIST

Answer 14

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Question 15

The chemical composition of these substances is certified; however, they may not have the purity of a primary standard.

Answer 15

Standard reference materials (SRMs)

Question 16

ften used to verify calibration or accuracy/bias assessments.

Answer 16

Standard reference materials (SRMs)

Question 17

used for linearity studies to determine the relationship between the standard’s concentration and the instrument result. This test is required when a new test or new test methodology is introduced

Answer 17

Standard reference materials (SRMs)

Question 18

is a process that pairs an analytical signal with a concentration value of an analyte.

Answer 18

Calibration of an instrument

Question 19

Most procedures, along with reagent and control preparation requires substantially purified water known as

Answer 19

reagent-grade water.

Question 20

According to ________, reagent-grade water is based on its use rather than the method od purification or preparation.

Answer 20

CLSI or Clinical and laboratory standards institute

Question 21

Categories of reagent-grade water:

Answer 21

Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW),
special reagent water (SRW),
instrument feed water,
water supplied by method manufacturer,
autoclave and wash water, and
commercially bottled purified water

Question 22

____ requires laboratories to define the specific type of water required for each of its testing procedures and requires water quality testing atleast annually.

Answer 22

The college of american pathologists

Question 23

Water quality testing routinely includes

Answer 23

monitoring microbial colony-forming units/ml and may include other parameters

Question 24

Purified to remove almost all organic materials

Answer 24

distilled water

Question 25

where water is boiled and vaporised.

Answer 25

distillation

Question 26

Excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms and any pyrogens or endotoxins (like ultrafiltration and nanofiltration)

Answer 26

distilled water

Question 27

Has some or all ions removed though organic material may still be present so its neither pure nor sterile

Answer 27

Deionized water

Question 28

Purified from previously treated water such as prefiltered or distilled water

Answer 28

Deionized water

Question 29

Produced using either an anion- or cation-exchange resin, followed by replacement of the removed ions with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions

Answer 29

Deionized water

Question 30

This process is excellent at removing dissolved ionized solids and dissolved gases.

Answer 30

Deionized water

Question 31

uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, producing a filtered product.

Answer 31

Reverse osmosis

Question 32

may be used for the pretreatment of water, however, it does not remove dissolved gases.

Answer 32

Reverse osmosis

Question 33

remove particulate matter from municipal water supplies before any additional treatments

Answer 33

Filtration

Question 34

Testing procedures to determine the quality of reagent-grade water include

Answer 34

measurements of resistance, pH, colony counts on selective and nonselective media for the detection of bacterial contamination, chlorine, ammonia, nitrate or nitrite, iron, hardness, phosphate, sodium, silica, carbon dioxide, chemical oxygen demand, and metal detection.

Question 35

Some accreditation agencies recommend that laboratories document ___- used in reagent preparation

Answer 35

Some accreditation agencies recommend that laboratories document culture growth, pH, and specific resistance on water used in reagent preparation

Question 36

is measured because pure water, devoid of ions, is a poor conductor of electricity and has increased resistance.

Answer 36

Resistance

Question 37

The relationship of water purity to resistance is ____; generally, as purity ____, so does ___

Answer 37

The relationship of water purity to resistance is linear; generally, as purity increases, so does resistance

Question 38

substance that is dissolved in a liquid

Answer 38

Solute

Question 39

represents the amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent.

Answer 39

Molality (m)

Question 40

expressed as the number of moles per 1 L of solution.

Answer 40

Molarity (M)

Question 42

least common in clinical lab out of the four concentration expression

Answer 42

Normality

Question 43

often used in chemical titrations and chemical reagent classification.

Answer 43

Normality

Question 44

It is defined as the number of gram equivalent weights per 1 L of solution.

Answer 44

Normality

Question 45

is the number of units that can combine with or replace 1 mole of hydrogen ions for acids and hydroxyl ions for bases and the number of electrons exchanged in oxidation–reduction reactions.

Answer 45

valence