meaning utopia & dystopia
utopia= a community/society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizen
dystopia= a community/society that is undesirable or frightening
Functions of utopian worldview
- optimism about the future
- strong belief in technological development
- push to invest in technological developments
- cultural change towards individualization and individual empowerment
the 4 industrial revolutions
First (1760-1820): mechanical production, railroads and steam power
Second (1870-1914): mass production, electrical power and the advent of the assembly line
Third (1969-??): automated production, electronics and computer
Fourth (2012-??): artificial intelligence, big data, robotics etc.
By which 3 factors is privacy defined?
- privacy is defined by cultures (blue door is different in NL than in Sweden)
- privacy is defined by time (clothes or houses 20 years ago were different than now)
- privacy is defined by individuals (I give it a different meaning than someone else)
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which a society, or group relies on social norms, rules and procedures to minimze the unpredictability of future events
3 theoretical perspectives on privacy
- political-scientific approach: privacy in interaction with others/society as whole
- psychological approach: privacy for the self (well-being and identity regulation)
- communication approach: privacy as information ownership and sharing
definition privacy according to westin (political scientific approach)
privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent info about them is communicated to others
features about privacy according to westin (politcal scientific approach)
- privacy is a basic need which helps us adjust to day-to-day interpersonal interactions
- privacy is a dynamic process & non-monotonic
- privacy is a selective control of access to the self or to one’s group
four purposes of privacy (Westin)
- Personal autonomy: not being manipulated
- emotional release: freedom from roles and outside expectations
- self evaluation: freedom to think, process info and make plans
- limited and protected boundaries: ability to limit who has acces to what info
four states of privacy (westin)
- solitude: no observation from others
- reserve: right to decide what to share and what not
- intimacy: small group of people with a strong bond
- anonymity: the right not to be identified
privacy regulation theory (altman)
understanding why individuals alternate between states of sociality and solitude
five elements of privacy according to altman (psychological approach)
- Dynamic process
- Individuals vs group levels
- desired vs actual level
- non-monotonic (too much or not sufficient privacy): the stranger on the train vs a friend
- by-directional (inwards and outwards)
what does petroni say about privacy (communication approach)
- we need to regulate boundaries we put between ourselves and others
- big shift of how we understand/measure privacy: speaking less of physical privacy, more about info privacy and what we do online
2 confusing fact about online communication according to the article of Walter
- our online communication is usually accessible to a vast number of people (known people as well as unknown)
- many users appear not to feel threatened in terms of their need food and experiences of privacy when communication online
definition self disclosure
the act of revealing personal info to others. It is an intentional act typically communicated trough verbal behaviors describing the person, his/her experiences and feelings
definition context collapse
the flattening out of multiple distinct audiences in one’s coal network, such that people form different contexts become part of a singular group os message recipients (because of technology)
- majority on facebook underestimated their post/general audience
- while audiences are complex, users share os a single, individual identity
2 theories of why we share info online
- Privacy as commodity
- The privacy trade-off
meaning privacy as commodity
privacy as a right → privacy as a commodity
while privacy stays a basic human right, we’re more likely to consider it a commodity, like time or money
meaning pirvacy trade-off (2 types)
trade off of info sharing:
the more info you share, the more useful it is (example doctor can help you better when explaining as much as possible)
trade off of info private
when in a interpersonal interactions setting the more private it is, the LESS useful it becomes (giving cookies on a website)
privacy calculus
Before disclosing personal info, users might carefully evaluate benefits and risks
- individuals behave in ways that they believe are the most favourable net level of outcome
- users make rational economic choices at all time
sharing benefits and risks of privacy calculus
benefits:
1. financial rewards: discounts, time saved, earnings
2. social benefits: gaining access to specific groups
3. personalization: personalized offers, validation
risks:
1. the likelihood of the risk: the chance that info is misused
2. the severity of the risk”consequence of this misuse
privacy paradox
users don’t always make rational economic choices (privacy calculus) → behavior guided by heuristics:
- social proof
- persuasive techniques by platforms (foot in the door &door in the face)
- affect heuristics
- framing effect
users express concerns about their data online, but this has no relation to their amount of info sharing
their intentions are different than their behavior
definition privacy fatigue
a sense of weariness towards privacy issues, in which individuals believe that there’s no effective means of managing their personal info on the internet
hypotheses & results article choi, pakr & jung: the role of privacy fatigue in online privacy behavior
do high privacy concerns/fatigue lead to a lower intention to share & lower online disengagement (privacy paradox)
- they also looked how cynicism and emotional exhaustion were correlated to privacy fatigue
results:
- all hypotheses were significant
- privacy fatigue had more impact (less effort in making privacy decisions)
