week 2

Question 1

definition cyberhate

Answer 1

the use of electronic technology to spread bigoted, discriminatory, terrorist and extremist information, manifest on website and blogs.
- It is creating a hostile environment and reducing equal access to its benefits for those targeted by hatred an intimidation.

Question 2

the 5 parts of dark participation

Answer 2

1. actors
2. reasons
3. objects/targets
4. audiences
5. processes

Question 3

Actors of dark participation

Answer 3

individuals
groups
influencers
media

Question 4

reasons of dark participation

Answer 4

authentic evil: evil attacks: personal hate, pleasure (on individual)
tactical: more controlled and planned
strategic: large scale manipulation campaigns

physical appearance
political view
gender

Question 5

Objects/targets of dark participation

Answer 5

religious groups
minority ethnic groups
gender groups
political groups
mostly 18-39 years old

Question 6

3. processes of dark participation

Answer 6

unstructured
structured (situational)
systematic (long term)

Question 7

social approval theory (not from walter, but the slides)

Answer 7

• seeking approval from ingroup members
• collaboration with ingroup members
• sense of belonging
• audience of online hate is ingroup targeting victims

Question 8

4 types of harm

Answer 8

1. physical: bodily injury, sexual abuse
2. emotional: from annoyance to traumatic emotional response
3. relational: damage to one’s reputation or relationships
4. financial: material or financial loss

Question 9

typology of severity

Answer 9

1. punitive approach: judicial perspective: degree of harm a peer caused
2. time-based approach: law enforcement perspective: prioritizing severity and danger to victim
3. persistence approach: mental health professional perspective: focus on the symptoms and physical threat pose to victim and others

Question 10

dimensions of severity

Answer 10

1. perspective (actor, viewer, target)
2. perceived intent (low-high)
3. agency of target (do you have a choice)
4. experience assessing harm (relating from own life)
5. scale of harm (numer of people impacted)
6. urgency to address harm (time sensitivity)
7. vulnerability (risk posed to certain groups)
8. medium (live video, audio, image)
9. sphere the harm occurs in (degree of privacy of the harm)

ezelsbruggetje: ppaesuvms

Question 11

how to cope with online hate

Answer 11

1. technical coping (block the offender)
2. assertiveness (tell the offender to stop)
3. close support (talk to friends)
4. helplessness (idk)
5. retaliation (get back against offender)
6. distal advice (call police)

Question 12

health vs professional consequences of online harm

Answer 12

Health consequences: fear, spiral of silence, anxiety, depression, stress…
Professional consequences: loss of productivity, reputational damage, loss of confidence, stopping covering, self-censorship

Question 13

walter about social approval theory

Answer 13

People generate hate messages online primaril to accrue signals of admiration and praise from sympathetic online peers and to make friends

Question 14

hypotheses and results article Frischlich et al: how personality, media use and online experience shape uncivil participation

Answer 14

RQ: dark personality traits (political attitudes and emotions, media use, users’ experience (civil or uncivil)) leading to own uncivil behavior

Results: 46% who witnessed incivility also engaged in uncivil participation
- high civil comments and hate speech gave a strong prediction of uncivil participation
- strongest predictor: personal experience with online victimization
- RQ confirmed (overall)

Question 15

definition dark participation

Answer 15

It is characterized by negative, selfish or even deeply sinister contributions to the news-making processes (such as “trolling”)

Question 16

what solutions do people have of online hate

Answer 16

1. Solving up to individual (54%)
   - posting or consuming content
2. Social media companies should fix it (36%)
   - using algorithmic filters
   - human moderators
   - tracking or blocking harmful content

Question 17

risks of removing anonymity

Answer 17

1. victims of online harassment know who their attacker is (+)
2. conflict, harassment and discrimnation are social and cultural problems
3. revealing info exposes people to greater levels of harassment (-)
4. companies storing personal unfo for other purposes has risks (-)
5. identity protection needed (-)
6. people mange identity across different social contexts
7. social norms reduce problems
8. people reveal identity to increase influence and approval
9. hate groups operat openly to seek legitimacy (-)

ezelsbruggetje: vcrcipsph

Question 18

differences between automated content moderation and human moderation

Answer 18

automated content moderation:
- removes problematic content without direct, consistent human intervention (goes automatic)
- example: chatGPT
human moderation
- moderation of tweets by humans
- leads to dissatisfaction & emotional exhaustion

Question 19

2 types of automated content moderation

Answer 19

1. matching: new content is matched with existing content
2. classification: assessing new content with no previous examples (machine learning)

Question 20

definition content moderation

Answer 20

the detection of, assessment of, and interventions taken in content or behavior deemed unacceptable by platforms or other info intermediaries
- including the rules they impose, the human labour and technologies required, and the institutional mechanisms of adjudication, enforcement and appeal that support it

Question 21

3 types of approaches to content moderation and their explanation

Answer 21

1. Artisanal approach (small platforms)
   - case-by-case governance
   - limited use of automated content moderation
   - greater time available on moderation per report
2. Community-reliant approach (wikipedia, reddit)
   - federal system governance
   - site-wide governance by formal policies with community (viewers) input
   - relationships between moderator volunteer and platform administrator (balance of power)
3. Industrial approach (facebook, google, twitter)
   - formal policies created by policy team
   - mass moderation operation (high consistent enforcement, loss of context)
   - high use of automated content moderation

Question 22

safe space vs. freedom speech

Answer 22

snap ik niet helemaal ;) 2 voorbeelden met experimenten

Question 23

certain type of power-shift of media over the last decades

Answer 23

mainstream media and political insitutions los most of their power –> unmediated populist nationalism for the internet-age

Question 24

explanation “knowledge, info and data triangle”

Answer 24

1. knowledge: important, but there’s little of (experience, insight, understanding and contextualized info)
2. info: in the middle (contextualized, categorized, calculated and condensed data)
3. data: a lot of, easy to get (facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not organized in any way)

Question 25

how do you connect knowledge to data

Answer 25

people are data (phones, online purchases, smart tv’s) → mass proliferation on consumer demographics, psychographics, behavior etc. → useful for advertising - keeps on extracting and monitoring - high uniqueness of human mobility traces (keeps increasing with high quality data-points

Question 26

how does detailed audience segmentation work?

Answer 26

advanced techniques of audience-segmentation allows for the population to be divided into ever smaller groups of the basis of granular info about demographics, psychographics, behavior and attitudes - you’re on the VU→ high educated student - connecting this with motivations, personal characteristics, mindsets etc.

Question 27

Persily about political (trump) campaigns ( 3 components of trump’s digital campaign operation)

Answer 27

There was a late start with the trump campaign, mainly focus on social media, yet live rally’s made the campaign feel authentic 3 principal components of trump’s digital campaign operation 1. marketing agency giles-parscale 2. microtargeting by firm cambridge analytic - they developed detailed psychological profiles of their target audience - more data-points → higher predictive power of its algorithms - very innovative by combining largest collection of data point in the world with incredibly accurate psychometric profiles of users 3. republican party ‘s digital team

Question 28

big five personality traits

Answer 28

measures five key dimensions of people’s personalities 1. openness 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion/introversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism --> all rated from low to high

Question 29

definition computational propaganda

Answer 29

- manipulation of public opinion via range of social networking platforms and devices - Involves both algorithmic distribution and human curation - bots and trolls working together

Question 30

definition bot & troll & botnet

Answer 30

bot = automated social media account run by an algorithmic person, designed to make posts without human intervention trol = an actual person who intentionally initiates online conflict or offends other users to distract and sow divisions by posting inflammatory posts in an online community or a social network in order to provoke others into an emotional response or derail discussion botnet = network of bot accounts managed by the same individual or group

Question 31

findings article youyou: computer based personality judgements are more accurate than those made by humans

Answer 31

Findings: - computer predictions based on a generic digital footprint are more accurate than those made by participants facebook friends - computer models show higher interjudge agreement - computers have higher external validity when predicting life outcomes even outperforming some self-rated personality score - high on the big five personality traits --> easier to predict Conclusion: computers outpacing humans in personality judgement presents significant opportunities and challenges in psychological assessment, marketing, politics and privacy

Question 32

results experiment extraversion and openness with ads

Answer 32

introversion → introverted audience, low openness → lows openness ad (the same for extraversion and high openness) - so: people like ads that fit wel with their personality - psychological mass persuasion can help people make better decisions, lead healthier and happier lives.

Question 33

morozov about the problems of democratic participation

Answer 33

we need to ditch cyber-utopianism and internet centrism, we start with a flawed set of assumption and act on them using a flawed methodology. This result is called Net Delusion. So extreme that it is posed to have global consequences that risk undermining the very project of promoting democracy.

Question 34

why is the dark side of the net so difficult to notice?

Answer 34

utilitarian perspective: the Net is merely a neutral tool and can be used for both good and bad ecological perspective: the Net is more than a tool: it transforms the political environment and the people who participate in politics. it enlarges or creates a new public sphere

Question 35

How will authoritarians supply the capabilities of the Net and develope new repressive capabilities?

Answer 35

- physical: mobs or fake protests - pressure social media and telephone companies to block service or keep servers in the country - control of online resources/platform control - cyber-attacks - propaganda in digital forms - active use of twitter by authoritarian power-holders and pro-government forces - new forms of filtering and customized sensory - delegating censorship to private companies - use of new forms of technological surveillance (monitoring, mobile tracking, data-mining, social graph analysis) ezelsbruggetje: ppccp andu