Week 1

Question 1

Primary prevention

Answer 1

Reducing the incident of injury before they occur

Question 2

Secondary prevention

Answer 2

Addressing injuries in their early state to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications

Question 3

Examples of primary prevention

Answer 3

• safe field/court conditions
• environmental conditions
• protective equipment
• knowledge of medical conditions
• proper warm-up/cool-down
• progression of training
• nutrition/hydration
• scanning for unsafe technique
• recognize injury patterns
• collaboration with coaches, S&C
• preventative bracing

Question 4

Examples of secondary prevention

Answer 4

• early identification of injuries
• bracing/taping/wrapping
• sufficient rehab
• education on risk
• sufficient reconditioning post injury (including psych readiness)

Question 5

When should we brace instead of tape?

Answer 5

• ongoing conditions
• larger joints requiring complex tape jobs (knee ligaments, shoulder dislocation)

Question 6

Pros of taping

Answer 6

Some athletes report it feels tighter/more secure (proprioceptive feedback)

Question 7

Cons of taping

Answer 7

Does not maintain its integrity for as long as bracing

Question 8

Benefits of orthotics

Answer 8

• noticeable difference in biomechanics up the chain
• effective for anyone working long shifts on feet

Question 9

What should orthotics be in combination with?

Answer 9

Supportive rehab to retain intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles and movement patterns

Question 10

Types of sports injuries

Answer 10

1. Urgent vs non-urgent
2. Traumatic vs overuse
3. Acute vs chronic

Question 11

How do muscles/tendons get injured?

Answer 11

• strain
• tendonitis/osis
• contusion

Question 12

How do ligaments get injured?

Answer 12

• sprain
• overstretch, dislocations, subluxations

Question 13

How do bones get injured?

Answer 13

• fracture/break
• bruise

Question 14

How do nerves get injured?

Answer 14

• burner/stinger
• contusion/crush injury

Question 15

How does the brain get injured?

Answer 15

• concussion, acquired brain injury (ABI)
• direct or indirect trauma

Question 16

How does the skin get injured?

Answer 16

• lacerations, abrasions
• contusions

Question 17

Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 1 or 1st degree

Answer 17

Tissues stretch/some fibres disrupted

Question 18

1st degree sprain

Answer 18

integrity of joint maintained

Question 19

1st degree strain

Answer 19

Contractions are strong but painful

Question 20

Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 2 or 2nd degree

Answer 20

Partial tear/many fibres disrupted

Question 21

2nd degree sprain

Answer 21

Some instability/laxity in the joint

Question 22

2nd degree strain

Answer 22

Contractions are weak and very painful

Question 23

Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 3 or 3rd degree

Answer 23

Complete tear

Question 24

3rd degree sprain

Answer 24

Significant instability/laxity in joint

Question 25

3rd degree strain

Answer 25

Unable to contract and often pain free (nerve ending fibres torn too)

Question 26

Contusions (brusies)

Answer 26

Crush injury to the muscle and connective tissue from blunt trauma

Question 27

How does the muscle respond to contusions?

Answer 27

- pain - discolouration - swelling - spasm/guarding (DON'T massage this) - reflex inhibition

Question 28

What is reflex inhibition?

Answer 28

Pain and swelling can stop voluntary muscle contraction resulting in weakness/giving out

Question 29

What is the difference between tendonitis and tendonosis?

Answer 29

"itis"-->inflammation "osis"--> tissue breakdown

Question 30

Common overuse (tendonitis) injuries

Answer 30

- bursitis - shin splints - stress fractures

Question 31

Role of the student trainer

Answer 31

- EAP - primary and secondary prevention - scene survey - stabilize C spine, injured limb - assess - reassure - provide necessary immediate care - determine safe removal from playing surface - prevent secondary complications - support rehab process and liaise btwn therapy, coaching and S&C

Question 32

Emergency action plan (EAP)

Answer 32

Predetermined, organized system of managing severe injury allowing for quick and effective injury management

Question 33

Purpose of EAP

Answer 33

- defines predetermined roles - promotes organization - decrease chaos/panic - creates trust and promotes reassurance

Question 34

What three people are always identified on the EAP?

Answer 34

1. Charge person 2. Call person 3. Control person

Question 35

Charge person

Answer 35

Person in charge of delivering medical care

Question 36

Call person

Answer 36

Provides medical info, meets and directs ambulance

Question 37

Control person

Answer 37

Manages team/crowd/surroundings/locates supplies

Question 38

What should be included on the EAP?

Answer 38

- imp numbers (sports facility, emergency services) - address of sports facility and directions (map) - address of nearest hospital - address of urgent care/x-rays - location of player medical records, AED, spinal board

Question 39

Normal/ideal gait pattern

Answer 39

Heel strike in slight supination Arch absorbs the forces as it rolls into pronation Supinate back into neutral through mid-forefoot for a neutral toe off

Question 40

What are the different foot types?

Answer 40

1. Overpronators (valgus foot) 2. Supinators (varus foot) 3. "Normal"

Question 41

Overpronators (valgus)

Answer 41

Collapses through arch or stays in prontation

Question 42

Supinators (varus)

Answer 42

Weight stays through outside of foot

Question 43

Contraindications of taping (when not to tape)

Answer 43

- allergies to adhesives - immediately after injury - injury has not been fully assessed - return to play criteria not met - to areas of altered skin sensation - overnight - check sport governing body to see if allows tape

Question 44

Return to play criteria

Answer 44

- full ROM - minimum 80% strength - moves with proper biomechanics - able to perform the demands of the sport

Question 45

Taping principles - Pre tape assessment

Answer 45

- explain tape job chosen and why - ask permission - clear contraindications - check ROM that you want to limit - check circulation via capillary refill distal to area being taped - use pre-tape adhesive spray if needed

Question 46

What to avoid when taping

Answer 46

Wrinkles Windows Bulges

Question 47

Taping principles- post tape re-assessment

Answer 47

- ensure sufficient capillary refill - re-test that it successfully limits ROM