KNPE331 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Injuries of the head, face and throat

A
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • sternocleidomastoid
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2
Q

Larynx

A
  • voice box
  • connects throat to trachea
  • prevents food from getting into trachea while breathing
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3
Q

Trachea

A
  • brings air from throat to lungs
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4
Q

Esophagus

A
  • brings food from throat to stomach
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5
Q

Relevant arteries, veins and nerves

A
  • carotid artery
  • jugular vein
  • subclavian artery and vein
  • vagus nerve
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6
Q

Bones of the face

A
  • frontal bone
  • orbital bones
  • nasal bone
  • zygomatic bones
  • maxilla
  • mandible
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7
Q

Bones of the head and face

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bones
  • temporal bones
  • occipital bone
  • temporomandibular joint
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8
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A
  • hinge joint btwn temporal bone and mandible
  • articular disc within joint
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9
Q

Muscles that act on the TMJ

A
  • temporalis
  • pterygoids (medial and lateral)
  • masseter
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10
Q

Injuries to anterior neck MOI

A
  • blunt force to anterior neck/throat by stick, puck, ball, opponent
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11
Q

What sports are injuries to the anterior neck common in?

A
  • field hockey
  • hockey
  • lacrosse
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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of injuries to the anterior neck

A
  • pressure
  • difficulty swallowing (feels thick)
  • difficulty breathing
  • panicky
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13
Q

What is there a risk of with injuries to the anterior neck?

A
  • larynx fracture
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14
Q

Major bleeds MOI

A
  • skate, stick, contact with boards leading to a laceration of carotid artery, jugular vein, subclavian vein
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15
Q

Acute management of major bleeds

A
  • pressure
  • rapid call to EMS
  • treat for shock
  • vascular surgical team to repair damaged vessels
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16
Q

Prevention of major bleeds

A
  • neck guards
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17
Q

Neck guard mandates

A
  • in place for junior leagues
  • no mandate in NHL
  • imp to find out policies for leagues you are working with
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18
Q

What are the different facial injuries?

A
  • eye-poke injuries
  • fractures
  • auricular hematomas
  • lacerations
  • TMJ conditions
  • dental injuries
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19
Q

What does eye-poke injuries commonly result in?

A
  • subconjunctival hemorrhage
  • corneal abrasion
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20
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A
  • bright red bleeding/spot on white of eye from broken blood vessel
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21
Q

Corneal abrasion

A
  • scratch on surface of eye
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22
Q

Signs and symptoms of eye-poke injuries

A
  • mild discomfort
  • irritation
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23
Q

Acute management of eye-poke injuries

A
  • cold compress
  • refer for eye exam
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24
Q

When should you refer for an eye poke injury?

A
  • vision changes
  • shadows
  • floaters
  • pressure
  • pain
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25
What serious conditions are you at risk for with an eye-poke injury?
- retinal tears/detachment - deeper damage to eye/vessels
26
Facial fractures MOI
- direct trauma via opponent, puck, ball
27
What sports are facial fractures common in?
- hockey - football - rugby - baseball
28
Which types of facial fractures are most common?
- zygomatic-maxillary-orbital - isolated mandibular - nasal fractures
29
Signs and symptoms of facial fractures
- TOP fracture site - racoon eyes - swelling - divots - deformities
30
Acute management of facial fractures
- PIER - refer
31
Auricular hematoma MOI
- blunt trauma - repetitive friction
32
Signs and symptoms of auricular hematoma
- pain - swelling - bruising
33
What can an auricular hematoma lead to?
- blood accumulates btwn connective tissue and cartilage of ear = increased pressure - can lead to necrosis of cartilage from blood supply being cut off
34
Cauliflower ear
- aka wrestler's ear - results if blood is not drained resulting in cartilage becoming deformed
35
What sports is auricular hematoma common in?
- wrestling - boxing - judo
36
Acute management of auricular hematoma
- PIER - add pressure by packing ear with folded gauze to prevent fluid accumulation and maybe magnets
37
Lacerations (facial injury) MOI
- blunt trauma - sharp object
38
How to handle lacerations of the face
- refer for stitches
39
Acute care of lacerations to the face
- pressure - steri-strips
40
TMJ conditions MOI
- direct trauma to mandible - cumulative repeat impacts
41
Which sports are TMJ conditions most common?
- contact sports
42
What can TMJ conditions result in?
- dislocations - fractures - sprains - articular disc injuries - muscle tension/strains - clicking/altered joint mechanics - headaches
43
Dental injuries MOI
- direct blow
44
Common sports related dental injuries
- tooth (crown) fractures - tooth intrusion - tooth extrusion - tooth avulsion
45
Tooth intrusion
- tooth gets forced into the bone
46
Tooth extrusion
- tooth gets forces out of the bone
47
Tooth avulsion
- complete removal from socket
48
Acute management of dental injuries
- ensure broken teeth removed from mouth - rule out concussion & C-spine - refer to dentist - ER - rolled gauze to control bleeding - on-field Dr. can supply numbing agent
49
Prevention of dental injuries
- mouthguards
50
Types of headaches seen in sport
- dehydration - cervicogenic - concussion
51
What percentage of headaches are dehydration headaches?
- 90%
52
Cervicogenic headaches
- muscle tension - joint dysfunction
53
Concussions (mild traumatic brain injuries) MOI
- direct or indirect blow
54
What type of injury are concussions?
- functional injury but physical damage needs to be ruled out - transient change of neurological function
55
Cause of concussions
- stretch and shearing of axons - stretch, ion exchange, depolarization of action potentials - results in an electrical storm
56
Signs of concussion
- vomiting - disorientation - memory loss - loss of consciousness
57
Symptoms of concussion
- headache, pressure, migraines - cognitive changes - vestibular system changes - nausea - fatigue - fogginess - mood changes
58
Symptoms of concussion- cognitive changes
- decreased focus and thought processing - difficulty following instructions/directions
59
Symptoms of concussion- vestibular system changes
- dizziness - motion sensitivity - decreased balance & coordination
60
Symptoms of concussion- mood changes
- anxiety - depression - irritability
61
What injury is often missed with a concussion?
- c-spine injuries - can contribute to symptoms
62
What does assessing a concussion include?
- interviews - physical exams - testing
63
Two common assessment tools
1. SCAT6 - sport concussion assessment tool 2. ImPACT testing (immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing)
64
SCAT6
- standardized tool for evaluating concussions - sideline and clinical - designed for health care professionals - takes 10-15 min to be done exactly
65
ImPACT Testing
- computerized objective tool (clinical only) - requires baseline test - measures memory, attention span, visual & verbal problem solving
66
Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- immediate assessment/neuro scan (on-field)
1. Observable signs 2. Glasgow Coma scale (LOC) 3. Cervical spine assessment 4. Coordination & ocular/motor screen (visual, vestibular) 5. Memory assessment maddocks questions (cognitive)
67
Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: observable signs
- athlete position - athlete behaviour - MOI
68
Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: Glasgow coma scale
- eye - verbal - motor responses
69
Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: cervical spine assessment
- pain at rest - TOP - AROM - limbs
70
Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: coordination & ocular/motor screen
- finger to nose - follow finger
71
Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: memory assessment maddocks questions
- questions re venue - game - past games
72
Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- Off field assessment
1. Athlete background 2. Symptom evaluation 3. Cognitive screening 4. Coordination & balance examination 5. Delayed recall 6. Decision
73
Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- Off field assessment: cognitive screening
a) orientation b) immediate memory c) concentration
74
Post-concussion syndrome
Timeframes vary - >3 months - >4 weeks - >7-10 days post injury
75
Concussion testing and rehabilitation tools
- helps to zero in on the primary issues limiting recovery - which system is exacerbating systems - focuses on establishing functional neural pathways in the brain to support complete recovery
76
Which systems could be exacerbating concussion symptoms?
- visual - vestibular - physiologic - cervicogenic - psychological
77
What is no longer the recommendation for concussions?
- complete rest with no stimulation
78
What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
- progressive degenerative brain disorder caused by repeat head injuries
79
Signs and symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
- memory loss - confusion - headaches - irritable mood - aggression - depression - slurred speech - unsteady/altered motor control
80
Concussion injury prevention
- mouthguards - proper helmet fitting - safe technique - concussion education
81
What does concussion education include?
- early identification - No RTP with even 1 symptom - safe & progressive RTP
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