Week 1 Random Flashcards

Question

Differential diagnosis

Answer 1

A systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of an entity where multiple alternatives are possible. Systematically obtain information then use process of elimination

Answer 2

interaction design technique often used in human computer interaction to help maintain the focus of a user's attention by reducing clutter, confusion, and cognitive workload. This improves usability by presenting only the minimum data required for the task at hand.

Answer 3

Randomized Control Trial Prodivdes fair conclusion and blinding Removes bias

Answer 4

Coincidence -- unlikely event occurring by chance

Answer 5

Allows calculation of a probability if something is correct or incorrect based on the evidence

Answer 6

Qualities: Specific, answerable, novel, and relevant Types: descriptive, evaluative, and explanatory

Answer 7

Asses the patient (clinicla problem) Ask the clinical question (PICO) Acquire the evidence (search for evidence) Appraise the evidence (usability and closeness to truth) Apply

Answer 8

Case series and case reports (based on chart notes) Case control studies (base on chart notes with control notes) Cohort studies (follow the group) Randomized Control Studies

Answer 9

The placebo can be only used when no alternative drugs are availible. Patient consent.

Answer 10

1. Strength of association 2. Consistency of different studies 3. Specificity of association with particular disease 4. Temoral relationship (exposure precedes disease) 5. Biological gradient (dose-response relationship) 6. Plausability (biological plausilibity) 7. Coherence (consistent with what is known) 8. Experiment reversibility 9. Existence of analogous evidence

Answer 11

X-Ray Fluoroscopy (X-Ray real time) CT scan (forms sections) MRI (joints, neural tissue, dense breast tissue no good for blood or bone) Ultrasound (sonar, water) Mammography (good for dense breast tissue, not good for masses of blood, better for soft tissue)

Answer 12

1 Sv 5.5% chance of cancer 10,000 mSv radiation sickness 50 mSv lowest dose for cancer 15 mSv C.T. Scan of abdomen and pelvis 2 mSv head C.T. Scan 2 mSv natural radiation/year 0. 10 mSv cheast X-ray 0. 01 mSv dental X-ray

Answer 13

Atomic number, density, and thickness

Answer 14

Usually -- tungsten Mammography -- rhodium

Answer 15

High Osmolar HOCM Low Osmolar LOCM Iso Osmolar IOCM

Answer 16

Help to determine the position

Answer 17

Up penetration -\> lower contrast Up penetration -\> higher voltage Body penetration reduces dose Object Penetration reduces contrast

Answer 18

Allow adjustment and focus on a specific tissue

Answer 19

Barium (Ba) CT -- safe unless there is a perforation Gadolinium (Ga) MRI -- changes the relaxation time; dangerous to kidney function if reduced; may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)

Answer 20

No division

Answer 21

ac - antre cibum - before meals bid - bis in die - twice a day gtt - gutta - drops od - oculus dexter - right eye os - oculus sinister po - per os - by mouth pc - post cibum - after meals prn - Pro re nata - as needed q3h - quaque 3 hora - every 3 hours qd - quaque die - every day tid - ter in die - 3 times a day IV (intravenously)

Answer 22

SUPERSCRIPTION 1) Name of practitioner including address 2) Patients name, address, age, weight, and date INSCIRPTION 3) Drug name, strength, quantity, ect. SUBSCRIPTION 4) Directions 5) Refil times 6) Label 7) Specify if brand and not generic is desired 8) Signature of practitioner

Answer 23

Over-the-Counter Legend Drugs (prescription) Controlled Substances (Principal or secondary site of action is the Central Nervous System generally)

Answer 24

Schedule I: no currently accepted medical use and may lead to serious dependence Schedule II: accepted medical use; may lead to severe dependence; may not be refilled; must be filled within 14 days (nv); do note fill before/dispense until; handwrited only; separate sheet Schedule III: Moderate to low physical dependence and possible high psychological dependence; 6 refill Schedule IV: Low dependence; 6 refill Schedule V: Limited dependence liability

Answer 25

DEA number Registered with specific state Visible proof of registration Legitimate medical purpose Cannot self-prescribe Schedule II-IV

Answer 26

Bio-equivalents -- the same chemical property of a generic drug Therapeutic Equivalents -- the same effect of the drug

Answer 27

Class I -- Severe health consequence Class II -- cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health Class III -- is not likely to cause adverse health

Answer 28

Category A -- fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus Category B Category C -- Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus Category D -- There is positive evidence of human fetal risk Category X -- the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit

Answer 29

16.5 kb mtDNA encodes 13 proteins 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs

Answer 30

Predictive Preventative Personalized Participatory

Answer 31

simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs): tandem repeat sequences that display length variations. 1) minisatellites, also known as variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) 2) microsatellites or simple tandem repeats (STRs)

Answer 32

Pol α - Primase activity; Initiates DNA synthesis; No Proof Pol β - DNA Repair; No Proof Pol γ - Replicates mitochondrial DNA; Proof Pol δ - Elongates Okazaki fragments; Proof Pol ε - Leading strand synthesis & DNA Repair; Proof

Answer 33

Herpes simplex 1 is a DNA virus that causes cold sores. Herpes simplex 2 causes most genital herpes infections.

Answer 34

HIGH: Dating error, Neural Tube defects, Twins, Abdominal Wall defect, Fetal demise, Low Birth Weight LOW: Fetal demise, Dating error, Lack of pregnancy, Molar Pregnancy, Trisomy

Answer 35

Newborns before discharge and at 10-14 days, to test for Metabolic Disorders(phenylketonuria) Endocrine Disorders(Hypothroidism) Hematological Disorders (Sickle Cell) Cystic fibrosis

Answer 36

UIQ, UOQ, LIQ, LOQ

Answer 37

Cholesterol Triglycerides HDL Cholest/HDL Ratio LDL

Answer 38

Triple Aim (Better patient experience, better patient outcome, lower cost) + physician experience

Answer 39

Endogenous - attack by reactive oxygen species - replication errors Exogenous - UV and ionizing radiation including x-rays and gamma rays, plant toxins - Man-made mutagenic chemicals that act as DNA intercalating agents, cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy - Viruses

Answer 40

Gases-O2, CO2 Nutrients, electrolytes, waste Hormones, cell signals (cytokines) Immune response Inflammatory response Clotting Acid buffering

Answer 41

1. RBC (quantity of blood) (count/uL) expressed in 10^6 2. Hgb (concentration of hemoglobin) -- Hemoglobin (spectronomny) in g/dL; O2 carrying capacity 3. Hct (concentration of blood) -- Hematocrit % of blood cells (HCT = RBC (cells/L) x MCV (L/cell)) 4. MCV (size of blood) -- Mean corpuscular volume (fL) measured by counter plotted on historgram 5. RDW -- Red cell distribution width (standard deviation) 5. Plt (count/uL) 6. WBC =white blood cells=leukocytes=white cells count/mL 7. WBC (count/uL)

Answer 42

EPO 2-3 trillion 120 days

Answer 43

Hematocrit / Hemoglobin

Answer 44

Blood stem cells Myeloid stem cell RBC (early Reticulocyte) Platelest Myeloblast -\> all WBCs except Lymphocyte Neutrophilic stab=band cell (early Neutrophil) Lymphoid stem cell -\> Lymphoblast B, T Lymphocyte and NK Neutrophil = "polys" = "segs"

Answer 45

Lack B12 = large Lack Iron = small

Answer 46

occurence = Depends on population frequencies of the disorder and the rate of spontaneous mutations recurrence = the probability that a genetic disorder that has occurred in a family will recur in another member in the same or in future generations

Answer 47

Association constant = [P·L]/([P][L]) (affinity) Dissociation constant = ([P][L])/[P·L]

Answer 48

v = Vmax·[S]/(KM + [S]) where Vmax = [E]tot·k3 and KM = (k2 + k3)/k1

Answer 49

The enzyme with the highest “specificity” or “preference” for catalyzing a reaction is the enzyme with the highest specificty v = Vmax·[S]/(Km + [S]) 1/v Km/(Vmax[S]) + 1/Vmax y 1/Vmax x = 1/Km slopeKm/Vmax

Answer 50

Oxidoreductases -- e- transfer Transferases -- group transfer Hydrolases -- hydrolysis reaction Lyases -- addition of groups to double bonds or formation of double bonds by removal of groups Isomerases - transfer of groups within molecules Ligases - formation of C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds by condensation coupled with ATP

Answer 51

Irreversible Inhibitors -- Vmax DOWN; Km unaffected (Removing the concentration of the enzyme) Competitive Inhibition -- Km UP; Vmax unaffected (Always can out compete the enzyme) Non-Competitive Inhibition -- Vmax DOWN; Km unaffected (alternative reactions) Uncompetitive Inhibition -- Vmax DOWN; Km DOWN (Even enzyme is saturated, rate will be slower; Km substrate binds more readily)

Answer 52

MCV and RDW

Answer 53

BaseER -- X-Ray, radicals, alkylating agents, spontaneous reaction NucleotideER - UV; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons RecR/NHEJ - IR, UV-light; X-rays; anti-tumor agents MismatchR - replication errors

Answer 54

allow radiation to pass more freely

Answer 55

Barium (high density) vs. Air (low density)

Answer 56

Object penetration reduces the contrast Body penetration reduces the dose

Answer 57

squeezed top-bottom squeezed left-right

Answer 58

1/2 Transposons (SINES, LINES, and retrovir like) 1/3 Genes (1.5% exons, introns) 1/4 Repeats, other?

Answer 59

DNA only - short inverted repeats - cut and paste Retroviral-like retrotransposons - Long terminal repeats - Reverse transcriptase and integrase Nonretroviral retrotransposons - Poly A at 3’ end of an RNA intermediate - Reverse transcriptase and endonuclease

Answer 60

P: Patient or population (age, sex, race) I: Intervention (exposure, diagnostic test, therapy) C: Comparison group (nothing, placebo, another intervention) O: Outcome of interest (clinical effect or intervention)

Answer 61

Promoter, coding, intervening, structural (untranscribed and 3' and 5' UTR)

Answer 62

Air, Fat, Water/tissues, Spongy, Bone, Compact Bone

Answer 63

EUKYAROTES Irinotecan Act on: Human topoisomerase I Uses: Colon, ovarian, small cell lung cancers Etoposide Act on: Human topoisomerase II (prevents ligation) Testicular cancer Doxorubicin Act on: Human topoisomerase II (intercalating agent; stabilize topo II on DNA) A variety of cancers BACTERIA Ciprofloxacin Act on: Bacterial DNA gyrase (topoII) Use: Gm(-) infections, COPD

Answer 64

A medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes

Answer 65

Hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period describes the history of nearly all individuals who suffer from kernicterus. It is thought that the blood–brain barrier is not fully functional in neonates and therefore bilirubin is able to cross the barrier.

Answer 66

The cause of this hyperbilirubinemia is the reduced activity of the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, which conjugates bilirubin and a few other lipophilic molecules.

Answer 67

Is a form of severe protein–energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. Sufficient calorie intake, but with insufficient protein consumption, distinguishes it from marasmus. Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply.

Answer 68

It is characterized by an increase in permeability of the capillary walls of the glomerulus leading to the presence of high levels of protein passing from the blood into the urine low levels of protein in the blood.

Answer 69

Artery wall thickens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells and remnants of dead cells, including cholesterol and triglycerides, eventually calcium and other crystallized materials, within the outer-most and oldest plaque.

Answer 70

Renal failure due to exposure to gadolinium

Answer 71

Increase in volume of the heart

Answer 72

Is a type of pleural effusion in which blood accumulates in the pleural cavity.

Answer 73

is an inflammation of the appendix; left untreated will burst and spill infections materials into the abdominal cavity

Answer 74

are non-cancerous growth that develop in or just outside a woman's uterus. Uterine fibroid develop from normal uterus muscle cells that start growing abnormally. As the cells grow, they form a benign tumor.

Answer 75

is an infection of female reproductive organs; PID is one of the most serious complications of a sexually transmitted disease

Answer 76

is an inflammation of the peritoneum the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen; left untreated can result in sepsis; severe abdominal pain worsened by any movement

Answer 77

refers to the rotation of the ovary to such a degree as to occlude the ovarian artery and/or vein

Answer 78

Happens when tissue normally found inside the uterus grows in other parts of the body; it may attach to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the exterior of the uterus, the bowel, or other internal parts.

Answer 79

occurs when small or large intestine is partly or completely blocked

Answer 80

a pregnancy in which the fetus develops outside the uterus, typically in a Fallopian tube

Answer 81

or stomach flu is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea

Answer 82

infrequent bowel movement and difficulty during defecation

Answer 83

are fluid-filled sacs or pockets within or on the surface of an ovary; a large cysts can cause

Answer 84

odium, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphorus, Calcium, Carbon dioxide, and Magnesium

Answer 85

aspartate transaminase–alanine transaminase ratio OR aspartate aminotransferase–alanine aminotransferase ratio

Answer 86

Liver profile

Answer 87

1. Delcaration of Helsinki 2. Bradford-Hill criteria for causation 3. Data collection and outcomes 4. Sample size, power, and cuasation

Answer 88

Primary outcomes must be well defined Secondary outcomes are common Sample size determined based on the primary outcome Composite outcomes can be useful

Answer 89

Volatge Anode

Answer 90

0.5-3 Tesla Small radio frequencies MRI constrast media are considered safer than CT media

Answer 91

Retrospective observational studies Determine commonalities in medical history or other associations among those affected

Answer 92

Retrospective observational studies of a particular diagnosis or exposure Can establish correlations but cannot prove causation

Answer 93

Used when a RCT would be unreasonable or unethical. Compare two groups of subjects over time, one having a particular condition or receiving a particular treatment, the other not

Answer 94

Randomly assigns subjects into treatment group or a control group to compare efficacy of a treatment, diagnosis, drug

Answer 95

Deemed safe without professional guidance Quality standards during manufacturing Safety and effectiveness monitored by FDA

Answer 96

Require physician to be dispenced Considered unsafe unless supervides by a licensed practitioner Must be labeled "Federal law prohibits dispensing without prescription"

Answer 97

Addictive potential for trafficing Primary or secondary stie on CNS Drug Enforcement Agency responsible for identifying and regulating drugs in this class Can be OTC, legend, or unabailable

Answer 98

Non-profit organizations like USP or U.S. Pharmacopoeia

Answer 99

Herpes (DNA) and HIV-1 (RNA)

Answer 100

Negative Selection

Answer 101

Stretches of conserved gene order on chromosomes e.g. globin genes clusters

Answer 102

MSH2, 3, 6, MLH1, PMS2 (colon cancer) = mismatch repair Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) (skin cancer) = nucleotide excision repair Ataxia–telangiectasia (AT) (leukemia) = ATM protein kinease BRCA2 (breast cancer) = homologous recombination Fanconi anemia (leukemia) = DNA interstand cross-link repair

Answer 103

DNA only short inverted repeats cut and paste Retroviral-like retrotransposons Long terminal repeats Reverse transcriptase and integrase Nonretroviral retrotransposons Poly A at 3’ end of an RNA intermediate Reverse transcriptase and endonuclease

Answer 104

RBC: O2/CO2 transport, acid buffer WBCs: immune response, inflammation Platelets: clotting

Answer 105

Young RBCs (reticulocytes) are slightly larger.

Week 1 Random Flashcards

(138 cards)