Week 10 UAS

Question 1

Purpose of Normalization?

Answer 1

Normalization is a technique for producing a set of suitable relations that support the data requirements of an enterprise.

Characteristics of a suitable set of relations include:

• the minimal number of attributes necessary to support the data requirements of the enterprise;
• attributes with a close logical relationship are found in the same relation;
• minimal redundancy with each attribute represented only once with the important exception of attributes that form all or part of foreign keys.

Question 2

Types of update anomalies include?

Answer 2

Types of update anomalies include:

1. Insertion
2. Deletion
3. Modification

Question 3

Two important properties of decomposition?

Answer 3

1. Lossless-join property enables us to find any instance of the original relation from corresponding instances in the smaller relations.
2. Dependency preservation property enables us to enforce a constraint on the original relation by enforcing some constraint on each of the smaller relations.

Question 4

UNF (Unnormalized Form)

Answer 4

A table that contains one or more repeating groups.

Question 5

1NF (First Normal Form)

Answer 5

A relation in which the intersection of each row and column contains one and only one value.

Question 6

2NF (Second Normal Form)

Answer 6

A relation that is in 1NF and every non-primary-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

Question 7

3NF (Third Normal Form)

Answer 7

A relation that is in 1NF and 2NF and in which no non-primary-key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key.

Question 8

Functional Dependencies?

Answer 8

Functional dependency describes relationship between attributes.
For example, if A and B are attributes of relation R, B is functionally dependent on A, if each value of A in R is associated with exactly one value of B in R.

Question 9

What is Armstrong’s axioms?

Answer 9

a set of inference rules, specifies how new functional dependencies can be inferred from given ones.

Armstrong’s axioms are as follows:
(1) Reflexivity
If B is a subset of A, then A → B
(2) Augmentation
If A → B, then A,C → B,C
(3) Transitivity
If A → B and B → C, then A → C
(4) Self-determination A→A
(5) Decomposition
If A → B,C, then A → B and A → C
(6) Union
If A → B and A → C, then A → B,C
(7) Composition
If A → B and C → D then A,C → B,D

Question 10

What is Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)?

Answer 10

A relation is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key.

Question 11

Multi-Valued Dependency (MVD)

Answer 11

Represents a dependency between attributes (for example, A, B, and C) in a relation, such that for each value of A there is a set of values for B and a set of values for C. However, the set of values for B and C are independent of each other.

Question 12

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Answer 12

A relation is in 4NF if and only if for every nontrivial multivalued dependency A -» B, A is a candidate key of the relation.

Question 13

Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

Answer 13

A relation is in 5NF if and only if for every join dependency in a relation R, each projection includes a candidate key of the original relation.