What are the pelvic organs
- Lower urinary tract organs:
bladder, urethra - Reproductive organs: female- uterus, vagina, male - prostate
- Lower GIT organs: rectum, anal canal
Anterior compartment of pelvic organs
Bladder, urethra
middle compartment of pelvic organs
Uterus, vagina/ prostate
posterior compartment of pelvic organs
Rectum, anal canal
Functions of the pelvic floor
- Helps support the pelvic ( & abdominal ) viscera
- Contributes to increases in intra-abdominal pressure and then helps to maintain intra-abdominal pressure
- Act as sphincters for the passageways through the pelvis- urethra, vagina, anus
- Assist in childbirth- form a ‘gutter’ for the head of the foetus
Pelvic floor muscles
- Levator ani
- Iliococcygeus
- Pubococcygeus
- Puborectalis
- Coccygeus
- Pubocervical fascia:
between bladder/urethra & vagina
Rectovaginal or Rectovesical/Rectoprostatic fascia:
- between rectum & either vagina (female) or bladder plus prostate (male)
Uterosacral ligaments function
suspends & supports the uterus and cervix in position
The Perineum made up of
Urogenital and anal triangles
* Skeletal muscle and fascia
* Perineal body
Urogenital triangle:
- Ischiocavernosus
- Bulbospongiosus
- Superficial transverse perineal
- Deep transverse perineal
anal triangle:
External anal sphincter
functions of perineal muscles
- Provide added closure to vagina & anus
- Support & fix the perineal body
- Maintain erection of penis/ clitoris
The Perineal Body
- Irregular fibromuscular mass
- Located in the midline between the anus and the vagina/ bulb of the penis
- Site of convergence for both muscle and fascia which form the pelvic floor
Nerve supply to pelvic floor
Nerve to Levator ani – with slight input from the Pudendal nerve
Nerve supply to pelvic perineum muscles
Pudendal nerve – with slight input from the Nerve to Levator ani
arteries have branches or tributaries
branches
veins have branches or tributaries
veins have tributaries
Aortic Arch Branches
- Arch of the aorta
- Descending aorta (thoracic aorta then abdominal aorta)
then divides into iliac arteries
Veins of the Lower Limb
deep and superficial veins
deep veins
run with arteries but in opposite direction
same name as arteries
* e.g. popliteal veins with popliteal artery
contain valves
drain what the artery supplies vena commitantes
superficial veins
- in the superficial tissue
- valves (not as many as deep veins)
- anastomose (communicate) freely with the deep veins
- best identified in the surface anatomy
- Significance of having two sets of veins:
- two ways to return blood to the heart, some in-built redundancy
- temperature control
Superficial Veins of Lower Limb
- Dorsal venous arch
- Lesser/short saphenous vein
- Great/long saphenous vein
Drain fascia, skin
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week 1 & 2119
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week 3110
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week 431
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week 557
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week 928
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week 1020
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week 1132
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dermatomes10
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week1 SEM 2 Joints of the Shoulder Region23
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week 2 sem 222
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week 3 sem 229
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week 4 sem 2 functional anatomy of the hand43
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week 5 sem 227
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muscles48
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muscles of trunk neck head61
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week 749
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week 8 sem 228
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week 9 sem 27
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week 1137
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week 12 sem 214
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head neck and trunk muscles17
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head crainal nerves13
