define gender vs sex
- sex = biological diff.
- gender = all other charac. related to maleness and femaleness
define: gender stereotype
- belief about how women and men differ
- can test if stereotypes reflect true differences since they should be universal
explain: williams and best 1990 exp. on cultural differences for gender stereotypes
are men aggressive?
- canada+US = higher 90% agree
- nigeria = mid 60% agree
are women emotional
- canada+US = high 90% agree
- nigeria = mid 60% agree
- suggests stereotypes reflect cultural expectations rather than biological
- shows that stereotypes aren’t universal
explain: dr. mitchell vs dr. martin exp.
- mitchell = female, martin = male
- same course in all ways except instructors
- more comments about female’s personality and appearance
- follows traditional stereotypes of objectifying women
explain: timeline of how stereotype develops
- 12 mths = look equally long at gendered toys
- 18 mths = look longer at stereotypical gender toy
- 2 yrs = look longer at unexpected gender roles
⤷ ex. man putting on makeup
**shows how children already sensitive to gender stereotypes
⤷ more exposure only leads to embedding it more
explain: mondschein 2000 study about inherent gender bias (baby crawling)
- mothers asked about their baby’s crawling ability
- ability question: what’s the steepest your baby can crawl?
- attempt question: what’s the steepest your baby will attempt to crawl down?
- found that moms underestimate girls and overestimate boys
- parents’ bias will impact how boys and girls dev.
question: how are self-development and gender linked? when is a stable gender schema developed?
- stable schema of boys and girls by 4 - 6 yrs
- tend to engage in gender-stereotyped activities
- engage w/ others of own gender
- adolescents show gender intensification (ex. sexual maturation)
explain: cognitive differences in genders
- myth = boys better at math, girls at language
⤷ no clear evidence - girls’ beha. may be better suited for school
⤷ better temperament
⤷ boys more likely to have dyslexia - boys have better spatial ability
⤷ good for mental rotation
question: how is the myth that girls are bad at math endorsed?
- self-fulfilling prophecy
⤷ female teachers with high math anxiety had more students that endorsed the stereotype
⤷ ex. already think they’re bad so they practice less - reinforces bias and stereotype
explain: who is really really smart exp.
REALLY REALLY SMART
- 5 yrs = no diff. in preference for age
- 6 yrs = overall chose men
REALLY REALLY NICE
- 5 yrs - no diff.
- 6 yrs = overall chose women
- shows already assimilating at age 6
explain: social cognitive theory (gender)
- rewards and punishments shape children’s concepts of gender
- learn boy vs girl through observation and imitation from models
explain: kohlberg’s stage theory (gender)
- gender identity
⤷ age 2 = can categorize themselves as boy or girl
⤷ age 3 = can discriminate anatomical diff. - gender stability
⤷ age 4 - 5 = children recog. that gender is a lifetime trait - gender constancy
⤷ age 5 - 7 = children recog. that gender doesn’t change even when appearances are unexpected
explain: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- genetic disorder
- adrenal glands of girls secrete large amounts of androgens
- creates male genitals
- tend to prefer “boy-like” activities
- higher aggression
explain: androgen insensitivity syndrome
- genetic disorder
- XY males without androgen cells
- look/act like females
explain: pelvic field defect
- abnormal dev. of sex organs
- XY boys lack testosterone
explain: transgender youth
- typically realize they don’t align with biological sex around puberty
- often lack safe envrt., access to health services + lack of education from doctors (not necessarily discrimination)
define: aggression
- beha. to harm others
- starts w/ instrumental aggression (around 1 yr) = aggression to achieve explicit goal
- hostile aggression (school age) = unprovoked beha. to intimidate
- reactive aggression (school age) = in resp. to another child’s beha.
- relational aggression = undermining social relationships
⤷ emerges w/ verbal mastery
name: risk factors for aggression
- parenting
⤷ physical punishment, neglect - violent media
- aggressive peers
- academic failure
- poverty
⤷ and overall SES
