question: what is observed in an APGAR test? (5)
- heart rate
- respiratory effort
- muscle tone
- body colour
- reflex irritability
question: how is an APGAR test used? limitations?
- assesses physical dev.
- 7 - 10 score = normal
- 0 - 3 = low
LIMITATIONS
- only tested at birth, may dev. issues later
- sedation from birth may impact reactions
- scoring is subjective
- depend a little on gestational age
⤷ if mom estimated conception date wrong -> could be pre-term -> explains low birth weight
name + define: infant reflexes (5)
- rooting = suck on things near mouth
- moro = startled when feeling of falling (checks vestibular)
- grasping = hands grasp when touched
- babinski = dorsiflexion and spreading of toes when touched
- stepping = legs move when feet feel solid surface
question: what is the purpose of testing infant reflexes?
- sign that brain is working as expected
- newborn doesn’t think yet
⤷ so reflexes working dep. on autonomic systems - important for survival
⤷ ex. grasping = holding onto parents for survival
⤷ stepping = stepping stone to walking
define: neonatal imitation
- imitate facial exp.
- found there is no social intention
⤷ means it might be a newborn reflex - reflex to help establish bond with caregivers
⤷ for survival
explain: crying in a newborn
- usually 2 - 3 hours a day
- basic cry
⤷ soft -> more intense
⤷ hunger, fatigue, discomfort - mad cry
⤷ intense - pain cry
⤷ sudden, shriek -> long pause for air -> gasp -> more crying
name: strategies for crying infants
- attend to baby and try to soothe
⤷ 0 - 3 mths - check for discomfort, otherwise let it cry to learn self-soothing
⤷ 3+ mths
explain: shaken baby syndrome
- abusive head trauma from rough shaking
- all it takes is 5 secs
- brain hits skull -> swelling -> lack of O2 -> cell death in neurons -> permanent brain damage
- seen in all SES and cultures
- can result in:
⤷ infant death, severe intellectual deficits
question: what constitutes a low birth, very low birth, extremely low birth weight newborns?
LBW = less than 2500g
VLBW = less than 1600g
ELBW = less than 900gq
question: what constitutes a preterm newborn?
less than 37 weeks gestation
question: what is the trend in LBW rates in canada?
- LBW rates have been increasing in the past 2 decades
name: possible causes of LBW babies
- adolescents carrying babies
⤷ mother’s body hasn’t fully matured - obesity
- cigarette and drug use
- depression and anxiety
- access to prenatal care
name: method of care for preterm infants
- kangaroo care
- skin-to-skin holding baby against mother’s breast
- shown to regulate heart rate and have better sleep
- massaging decreases stress behaviours
question: how is memory affected by hippocampus dev. in preterm infants?
- suggests that hippocampus dev. = affects -> memory affected
⤷ but not definite - correlation is still unknown
⤷ but research found hippocampus V = smaller in preterm children
⤷ VLBW adults had worse memory and smaller hippocampus V
question: what explain causes of diff. in physical growth? what is the strongest impact?
- genetics
- envrt.
⤷ SES, urban vs rural, birth order
⤷ urban taller than rural, middle SES taller than lower SES, first borns taller than later born - strongest impact = adeqate nutrition
define: puberty
- rapid hormonal and physical changes in early adolescence
⤷ prep for reproduction - 10 - 14 for girls
- 12 - 16 for boys
- controlled by hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads
name: female and male sex hormones
male = testosterone (most common)
female = estradiol
**not exclusive to each sex
- at peak puberty for girls = 200x more testosterone than estradiol
question: do hormones control beha.?
- to a certain extent but not completely
- findings are inconsistent
explain: social impact on puberty (psychology of puberty)
- girls -> less happy with bodies than boys
⤷ get more fat storage in girls and more muscle mass than boys
⤷ follows social norm for boys but against norm for girls - earlier maturing girls -> more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, ED, delinquent beha.
⤷ ex. of evocative effects
explain: michael rehbein case
- left hemi. removed at age 7
- at 14, brain reorganized to reveal activation in right hemi in resp. to speech
⤷ which is usually ibn left hemi. - happens bc neural brain plasticity
⤷ only happened bc he was young
⤷ if happened at 18, would not be able to adapt
question: what happens in adolescent brain dev.?
- corpus callosum thickens
- amygdala matures faster than prefrontal cortex
⤷ explain why more likely to take risks - ado. act based on emo. without considering consequences
question: how do high IQ brains change from childhood to ado.?
- superior IQ brains have the more change
⤷ thicken the most and prune the most - high and avg IQ are generally the same
question: how and why does cortical thickness change in prenatal, childhood and ado.?
prenatal = formation oof neurons, dendrites, synapses
childhood = thickening (bc myelination)
ado. = thinning (bc pruning)
question: what does good nutrition do for the brain?
- myelination dep. on good nutrition
- more myelination -> more thickening
