Week 2

Question 1

Temperament

Answer 1

refers to relatively stable patterns of behavior

Question 2

Temperament has…

Answer 2

Strong biological components, but receptive to environmental shaping

Question 3

Temperament is…

Answer 3

The seed from which personality grows

Question 4

Hierarchy of temperament

Answer 4

how we react, and how we control how we act

Question 5

Reactivity

Answer 5

Negative affectivity and surgency/extraversion

Question 6

Negative reactivity

Answer 6

Frustration and anger in relation to interpretation of ongoing tasks, fear, discomfort, soothability

Question 7

Extraversion/Surgency

Answer 7

Activity, low shyness (minimal inhibition to novelty), high-intensity pleasure, affiliation

Question 8

Effortful Control

Answer 8

Important to the development of executive functioning and self-regulation

Question 9

2-3 months of development

Answer 9

Approach reactions (smiling, cooing) develop, anger, frustration develop

Question 10

4-6 months of development

Answer 10

Physical approach signs (grasping, scooting)

Question 11

7-10 months of development

Answer 11

Behavioral inhibition develops, organized fear reactions evident

Question 12

~30 months of development

Answer 12

Effortful control in full bloom

Question 13

Big 5 Trait Connections

Tend to live longer and healthier lives. better academic outcomes

Explained by superior regulatory processes

Answer 13

Conscientious children

Question 14

Big 5 Trait Connections

Better social relationships, higher academic achievement

Answer 14

Agreeable children

Predicts prosocial emotions

Question 15

Big 5 Trait Connections

More externalizing problems, downstream unemployement, lower-quality romantic relationships

Answer 15

Disagreable children

Question 16

Dimensional approach to temperament

Answer 16

How we react compared to others. Fall along a continuum of “goodness of fit.” 9 types

Question 17

Typological approach to temperament

Answer 17

How we compare to others within the same category as us. 3 types

Question 18

Typologies of temperament

Easy/well-adjusted

Answer 18

High in adaptability, approaches novel situations, positive disposition

Question 19

Difficult/Under-controlled

Answer 19

High intensity, withdraws in novel siutations, irregular body functions

Question 20

Slow to warm up/Inhibited

Answer 20

Slow to adapt, low activity, withdraw in novel situations, somewhat negative mood

Question 21

Temperament as reactions to novelty

Exhuberant Infant

Answer 21

Glee -> approach and engage
Low fear, socialable

Question 22

Temperament as reactions to novelty

Fearful infant

Answer 22

Retract, kick, cry
Associated with later Behavioral Inhibition

Question 23

Temperament

Left side of the brain

Answer 23

Approach system
Positive affect, grabbing, exploration

Question 24

Temperament

Right side of the brain

Answer 24

Withdrawel System
Fleeing, freezing, agitation

Question 25

Person-by-Environment Transactional Processes

Answer 25

Individual characteristics that affect two or more persons' experiences of identical environments

Question 26

Reactive transaction

Answer 26

characteristics that effect individual's experiences (how we process the environment impacts temperament)

Question 27

Evocative transaction

Answer 27

Individual differences evoke different responses from the environment

Question 28

Proactive transactions / selection effects

Answer 28

Individuals actively select and construct new environments that "fit" their style needs

Question 29

Homotypic Continuity

Answer 29

Sameness of phenotypic/behavioral manifestations over time

Question 30

# Homotypic Differential continuity

Answer 30

Persistence in rank-order of a trait among people (they have always been more shy)

Question 31

# Homotypic Absolute continuity

Answer 31

Persistence in level of a trait within a group

Question 32

# Homotypic Structural continuity

Answer 32

Persistence of associations across variables (sleep disruption and depression)

Question 33

# Homotypic Ipsative continuity

Answer 33

Persistence of individual patterns, or configurations of traits

Question 34

Heterotypic continuity

Answer 34

Sameness in genotype or attibute despite changes behavioral manifestations